Siberian Traps

The Siberian Traps (Russian: Сибирские траппы, romanized: Sibirskiye trappy) is a large region of volcanic rock, known as a large igneous province, in Siberia, Russia. The massive eruptive event that formed the traps is one of the largest known volcanic events in the last 500 million years.

The eruptions continued for roughly two million years and spanned the Permian–Triassic boundary, or P–T boundary, which occurred around 251.9 million years ago. The Siberian Traps are believed to be the primary cause of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the most severe extinction event in the geologic record.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Subsequent periods of Siberian Traps activity have been linked to a number of smaller biotic crises, including the Smithian-Spathian, Olenekian-Anisian, Middle-Late Anisian, and Anisian-Ladinian extinction events.^[5]

Large volumes of basaltic lava covered a large expanse of Siberia in a flood basalt event. Today, the area is covered by about 7 million km² (3 million sq mi) of basaltic rock, with a volume of around 4 million km³ (1 million cu mi).^[6]

^ Kamo, SL (2003). "Rapid eruption of Siberian flood-volcanic rocks and evidence for coincidence with the Permian–Triassic boundary and mass extinction at 251 Ma". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 214 (1–2): 75–91. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.214...75K. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00347-9.
^ Sun, Yadong; Joachimski, Wignall, Yan, Chen, Jiang, Wang, La (October 27, 2013). "Lethally Hot Temperatures During the Early Triassic Greenhouse". Science. 338 (6105): 366–70. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..366S. doi:10.1126/science.1224126. PMID 23087244. S2CID 41302171.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "New Studies of Permian Extinction Shed Light On the Great Dying", New York Times, April 30, 2012. Retrieved on May 2, 2012.
^ Krivolutskaya, N. A.; Konyshev, A. A.; Kuzmin, D. V.; Nikogosian, I. K.; Krasheninnikov, S. P.; Gongalsky, B. I.; Demidova, S. I.; Mironov, N. L.; Svirskaya, N. M.; Fedulov, V. S. (2022-12-01). "Is the Permian–Triassic Mass Extinction Related to the Siberian Traps?". Geochemistry International. 60 (13): 1323–1351. Bibcode:2022GeocI..60.1323K. doi:10.1134/S0016702922130067. hdl:1871.1/bf9f35ef-57e6-4acb-826f-22cad723e69d. ISSN 1556-1968. S2CID 256946122.
^ Paton, M. T.; Ivanov, A. V.; Fiorentini, M. L.; McNaughton, M. J.; Mudrovska, I.; Reznitskii, L. Z.; Demonterova, E. I. (1 September 2010). "Late Permian and Early Triassic magmatic pulses in the Angara–Taseeva syncline, Southern Siberian Traps and their possible influence on the environment". Russian Geology and Geophysics. 51 (9): 1012–1020. Bibcode:2010RuGG...51.1012P. doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2010.08.009. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
^ Ivanov, Alexei V.; He, Huayiu; Yan, Liekun; Ryabov, Viktor V.; Shevko, Artem Y.; Palesskii, Stanislav V.; Nikolaeva, Irina V. (2013). "Siberian Traps large igneous province: Evidence for two flood basalt pulses around the Permo-Triassic boundary and in the Middle Triassic, and contemporaneous granitic magmatism". Earth-Science Reviews. 122: 58–76. Bibcode:2013ESRv..122...58I. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.001.

[1] Kamo, SL (2003). "Rapid eruption of Siberian flood-volcanic rocks and evidence for coincidence with the Permian–Triassic boundary and mass extinction at 251 Ma". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 214 (1–2): 75–91. Bibcode:2003E&PSL.214...75K. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00347-9.

[Yadong2-2] Sun, Yadong; Joachimski, Wignall, Yan, Chen, Jiang, Wang, La (October 27, 2013). "Lethally Hot Temperatures During the Early Triassic Greenhouse". Science. 338 (6105): 366–70. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..366S. doi:10.1126/science.1224126. PMID 23087244. S2CID 41302171.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[NYT2-3] "New Studies of Permian Extinction Shed Light On the Great Dying", New York Times, April 30, 2012. Retrieved on May 2, 2012.

[4] Krivolutskaya, N. A.; Konyshev, A. A.; Kuzmin, D. V.; Nikogosian, I. K.; Krasheninnikov, S. P.; Gongalsky, B. I.; Demidova, S. I.; Mironov, N. L.; Svirskaya, N. M.; Fedulov, V. S. (2022-12-01). "Is the Permian–Triassic Mass Extinction Related to the Siberian Traps?". Geochemistry International. 60 (13): 1323–1351. Bibcode:2022GeocI..60.1323K. doi:10.1134/S0016702922130067. hdl:1871.1/bf9f35ef-57e6-4acb-826f-22cad723e69d. ISSN 1556-1968. S2CID 256946122.

[5] Paton, M. T.; Ivanov, A. V.; Fiorentini, M. L.; McNaughton, M. J.; Mudrovska, I.; Reznitskii, L. Z.; Demonterova, E. I. (1 September 2010). "Late Permian and Early Triassic magmatic pulses in the Angara–Taseeva syncline, Southern Siberian Traps and their possible influence on the environment". Russian Geology and Geophysics. 51 (9): 1012–1020. Bibcode:2010RuGG...51.1012P. doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2010.08.009. Retrieved 12 January 2023.

[:02-6] Ivanov, Alexei V.; He, Huayiu; Yan, Liekun; Ryabov, Viktor V.; Shevko, Artem Y.; Palesskii, Stanislav V.; Nikolaeva, Irina V. (2013). "Siberian Traps large igneous province: Evidence for two flood basalt pulses around the Permo-Triassic boundary and in the Middle Triassic, and contemporaneous granitic magmatism". Earth-Science Reviews. 122: 58–76. Bibcode:2013ESRv..122...58I. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.001.

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