Thaddeus Stevens

Thaddeus Stevens
Portrait by Brady-Handy, c. 1860–1868
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
In office March 4, 1859 – August 11, 1868
Preceded by	Anthony Roberts
Succeeded by	Oliver Dickey
Constituency	9th district
In office March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1853
Preceded by	John Strohm
Succeeded by	Henry A. Muhlenberg
Constituency	8th district
Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee
In office March 4, 1861 – March 3, 1865
Preceded by	John Sherman
Succeeded by	Justin Smith Morrill
Chair of the House Appropriations Committee
In office December 11, 1865 – August 11, 1868
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Elihu B. Washburne
Personal details
Born	(1792-04-04)April 4, 1792 Danville, Vermont, U.S.
Died	August 11, 1868(1868-08-11) (aged 76) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place	Shreiner-Concord Cemetery
Political party	Republican (from 1855)
Other political affiliations	Federalist (before 1828) Anti-Masonic (1828–1838) Whig (1838–1853) Know Nothing (1853–1855)
Domestic partner	Lydia Hamilton Smith (1848–1868)
Education	University of Vermont Dartmouth College (BA)
Signature
Nickname(s)	The Old Commoner The Great Commoner

Thaddeus Stevens (April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868) was an American politician and lawyer who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, being one of the leaders of the Radical Republican faction of the Republican Party during the 1860s. A fierce opponent of slavery and discrimination against black Americans, Stevens sought to secure their rights during Reconstruction, leading the opposition to U.S. President Andrew Johnson. As chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee during the American Civil War, he played a leading role, focusing his attention on defeating the Confederacy, financing the war with new taxes and borrowing, crushing the power of slave owners, ending slavery, and securing equal rights for the freedmen.

Stevens was born in rural Vermont, in poverty, and with a club foot, which left him with a permanent limp. He moved to Pennsylvania as a young man and quickly became a successful lawyer in Gettysburg. He interested himself in municipal affairs and then in politics. He was an active leader of the Anti-Masonic Party, as a fervent believer that Freemasonry in the United States was an evil conspiracy to secretly control the republican system of government. He was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, where he became a strong advocate of free public education. Financial setbacks in 1842 caused him to move his home and practice to the larger city of Lancaster. There, he joined the Whig Party and was elected to Congress in 1848. His activities as a lawyer and politician in opposition to slavery cost him votes, and he did not seek reelection in 1852. After a brief flirtation with the Know-Nothing Party, Stevens joined the newly formed Republican Party and was elected to Congress again in 1858. There, with fellow radicals such as Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner, he opposed the expansion of slavery and concessions to the South as the war came.

Stevens argued that slavery should not survive the war; he was frustrated by the slowness of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln to support his position. He guided the government's financial legislation through the House as Ways and Means chairman. As the war progressed towards a Northern victory, Stevens came to believe that not only should slavery be abolished, but that black Americans should be given a stake in the South's future through the confiscation of land from planters to be distributed to the freedmen. His plans went too far for the Moderate Republicans and were not enacted.

After the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in April 1865, Stevens came into conflict with the new president, Johnson, who sought rapid restoration of the seceded states without guarantees for freedmen. The difference in views caused an ongoing battle between Johnson and Congress, with Stevens leading the Radical Republicans. After gains in the 1866 election, the radicals took control of Reconstruction away from Johnson. Stevens's last great battle was to secure in the House articles of impeachment against Johnson, acting as a House manager in the impeachment trial, though the Senate did not convict the President.

Historiographical views of Stevens have dramatically shifted over the years, from the early 20th-century view of Stevens as reckless and motivated by hatred of the white South to the perspective of the neoabolitionists of the 1950s and afterward, who lauded him for his commitment to equality.