Back Vertragshäfen German Malferma haveno Esperanto Puertos abiertos Spanish بندر پیمانی Persian Kiinan sopimuskauppasatamat Finnish Ports ouverts French Pelabuhan perjanjian ID Treaty ports Italian 条約港 Japanese Pelabuhan Persetiaan Malay

Treaty ports

This article is about the ports in East Asia. For the Anglo-Irish Treaty ports, see Treaty Ports (Ireland).

Treaty ports (Chinese: 商埠; Japanese: 条約港) were the port cities in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade mainly by the unequal treaties forced upon them by Western powers, as well as cities in Korea opened up similarly by the Qing dynasty of China (before the First Sino-Japanese War) and the Empire of Japan.[1][2]

  1. ^ Fuchs, Eckhardt (2017). A New Modern History of East Asia. p. 146.
  2. ^ William C. Johnstone, "International Relations: The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China" American Political Science Review (1937) 31#5 pp. 942-948 online

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