Porphyry (philosopher)

Porphyry of Tyre
Porphyry of Tyre
	Porphire Sophiste, in a French 16th-century engraving
Born	c. AD 234; Tyre, Phoenice, Roman Empire (present-day Lebanon)
Died	305 (aged 70–71); Rome, Roman Empire
Notable work	List Introduction to Categories (Εἰσαγωγή; Introductio in Praedicamenta or Isagoge et in Aristotelis Categorias commentarium), The Life of Pythagoras (Πυθαγόρου βίος; Vita Pythagorae), On Abstinence from Animal Food (Περὶ ἀποχῆς ἐμψύχων; De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium), On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey (Περὶ τοῦ ἐν Ὀδυσσείᾳ τῶν Νυμφῶν Ἄντρου; De Antro Nympharum), Introduction to Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos (Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὴν Ἀποτελεσματικὴν τοῦ Πτολεμαίου), Commentary on Ptolemy's Harmonics (Εἰς τὰ ἁρμονικὰ Πτολεμαίου ὑπόμνημα), On the Life of Plotinus and the Arrangement of his Work (Περὶ τοῦ Πλωτίνου βίου καὶ τῆς τάξεως τῶν βιβλίων αὐτοῦ; Vita Plotini), Starting-points leading to the intelligibles (Ἀφορμαὶ πρὸς τὰ νοητά; Sententiae ad intelligibilia ducentes), Philosophy from Oracles (Περὶ τῆς ἐκ λογίων φιλοσοφίας; De Philosophia ex Oraculis Haurienda), Against the Christians (Κατὰ Χριστιανῶν; Adversus Christianos);
Era	Ancient philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Neoplatonism
Main interests	Metaphysics, astrology
Notable ideas	Porphyrian tree, criticism of Christianity, vegetarianism

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Porphyry of Tyre (/ˈpɔːrfɪri/; Greek: Πορφύριος, Porphýrios; c. 234 – c. AD 305) was a Neoplatonic philosopher born in Tyre, Roman Phoenicia^[1] during Roman rule.^[a]^[1]^[2] He edited and published The Enneads, the only collection of the work of Plotinus, his teacher.

He wrote original works in the Greek language on a wide variety of topics, ranging from music theory to Homer to vegetarianism.^[b] His Isagoge or Introduction, an introduction to logic and philosophy,^[c] was the standard textbook on logic throughout the Middle Ages in its Latin and Arabic translations.^[3] Porphyry was, and still is, also well-known for his anti-Christian polemics.^[4] Through works such as Philosophy from Oracles and Against the Christians (which was banned by Constantine the Great),^[5] he was involved in a controversy with early Christians.^[6]

^ ^a ^b Schott, Jeremy M. (2013-04-23). Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0346-2.
^ Johnson 2013, p. 8.
^ Barnes 2003, p. ix.
^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Clark 1989, p. 9.
^ Digeser 1998.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[:1-1] Schott, Jeremy M. (2013-04-23). Christianity, Empire, and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0346-2.

[FOOTNOTEJohnson20138-3] Johnson 2013, p. 8.

[FOOTNOTEBarnes2003ix-6] Barnes 2003, p. ix.

[:0-7] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTEClark19899-8] Clark 1989, p. 9.

[FOOTNOTEDigeser1998-9] Digeser 1998.

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Porphyry of Tyre
Porphire Sophiste, in a French 16th-century engraving
Born	c. AD 234 Tyre, Phoenice, Roman Empire (present-day Lebanon)
Died	305 (aged 70–71) Rome, Roman Empire
Notable work	List Introduction to Categories (Εἰσαγωγή; Introductio in Praedicamenta or Isagoge et in Aristotelis Categorias commentarium), The Life of Pythagoras (Πυθαγόρου βίος; Vita Pythagorae), On Abstinence from Animal Food (Περὶ ἀποχῆς ἐμψύχων; De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium), On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey (Περὶ τοῦ ἐν Ὀδυσσείᾳ τῶν Νυμφῶν Ἄντρου; De Antro Nympharum), Introduction to Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos (Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὴν Ἀποτελεσματικὴν τοῦ Πτολεμαίου), Commentary on Ptolemy's Harmonics (Εἰς τὰ ἁρμονικὰ Πτολεμαίου ὑπόμνημα), On the Life of Plotinus and the Arrangement of his Work (Περὶ τοῦ Πλωτίνου βίου καὶ τῆς τάξεως τῶν βιβλίων αὐτοῦ; Vita Plotini), Starting-points leading to the intelligibles (Ἀφορμαὶ πρὸς τὰ νοητά; Sententiae ad intelligibilia ducentes), Philosophy from Oracles (Περὶ τῆς ἐκ λογίων φιλοσοφίας; De Philosophia ex Oraculis Haurienda), Against the Christians (Κατὰ Χριστιανῶν; Adversus Christianos)

Era	Ancient philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Neoplatonism
Main interests	Metaphysics, astrology
Notable ideas	Porphyrian tree, criticism of Christianity, vegetarianism