Pope Leo XIII

Pope Leo XIII
Bishop of Rome
Official photograph, 1898[a]
Church	Catholic Church
Papacy began	20 February 1878
Papacy ended	20 July 1903
Predecessor	Pius IX
Successor	Pius X
Orders
Ordination	31 December 1837 by Carlo Odescalchi
Consecration	19 February 1843 by Luigi Lambruschini
Created cardinal	19 December 1853 by Pius IX
Personal details
Born	Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci 2 March 1810 Carpineto Romano, département of Rome, French Empire
Died	20 July 1903(1903-07-20) (aged 93) Apostolic Palace, Rome, Kingdom of Italy
Previous post(s)	Titular Archbishop of Tamiathis (1843–1846) Apostolic Nuncio to Belgium (1843–1846) Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia (1846–1880) Cardinal-Priest of San Crisogono (1853–1878) Camerlengo of the Apostolic Chamber (1877–1878)
Motto	Lumen in coelo[1] (Light in Heaven)
Signature
Coat of arms
Other popes named Leo

Papal styles of Pope Leo XIII
Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	None

Pope Leo XIII (Italian: Leone XIII; born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci;^[b] 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, whose age can be validated, holding office and had the fourth-longest reign of any pope, behind those of St. Peter, Pius IX (his immediate predecessor) and John Paul II.

He is well known for his intellectualism and his attempts to define the position of the Catholic Church with regard to modern thinking. In his famous 1891 encyclical Rerum novarum, Pope Leo outlined the rights of workers to a fair wage, safe working conditions, and the formation of trade unions, while affirming the rights to property and free enterprise, opposing both socialism and laissez-faire capitalism. With that encyclical, he became popularly titled as the "Social Pope" and the "Pope of the Workers", also having created the foundations for modern thinking in the social doctrines of the Catholic Church, influencing the thoughts of his successors. He influenced the Mariology of the Catholic Church and promoted both the rosary and the scapular. Upon his election, he immediately sought to revive Thomism, the theological system of Thomas Aquinas, desiring to refer to it as the official theological and philosophical foundation for the Catholic Church. As a result, he sponsored the Editio Leonina in 1879.

Leo XIII is particularly remembered for his belief that pastoral activity in political sociology was also a vital mission of the church as a vehicle of social justice and maintaining the rights and dignities of the human person. Leo XIII issued a record of eleven papal encyclicals on the rosary, earning him the title of the "Rosary Pope". In addition, he approved two new Marian scapulars. He was the first pope never to have held any control over the Papal States, which had been dissolved by 1870, since Pope Stephen II in the Eighth Century. Similarly, many of his policies were oriented towards mitigating the loss of the Papal States in an attempt to overcome the loss of temporal power, but nonetheless continuing the Roman Question.

After his death in 1903, he was buried in the Vatican Grottoes before his remains were later transferred in 1924 to the Basilica of Saint John Lateran.

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