Ku Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan

The Duke Flag, used by some in the Third Klan and named after former Klan leader David Duke. The Blood Drop Cross is shown in the centre.[1]
In existence	First Klan: 1865–1872 Second Klan: 1915–1944 Third Klan: 1946/1950–present
Founded in	Pulaski, Tennessee, U.S. (first Klan) Stone Mountain, Georgia, U.S. (second and third Klans)
Members	First Klan: Unknown Second Klan: c. 3 million – 6 million[2] (peaked in 1924–1925) Third Klan: c. 5,000–8,000[3]
Political ideologies	Anti-black racism White supremacy White nationalism Vigilantism Segregationism[a] Christian terrorism[5][6] Neo-Confederatism After 1915: Nordicism Christian Identity[7] Right-wing populism Social conservatism[b] Antisemitism[22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Anti-immigration Anti-communism Anti-atheism[29][30][31][32] Anti-Catholicism[33][34][35] After 1950: Anti-miscegenation Anti-trade unionism Neo-Fascism Neo-Nazism Anti-globalization Islamophobia[36][37][38]
Political position	Far-right

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The Ku Klux Klan (/ˌkuː klʌks ˈklæn, ˌkjuː-/),^[c] commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is the name of several historical and current American white supremacist, far-right terrorist organizations and hate groups. The Klan was "the first organized terror movement in American history."^[39][40] Their primary targets are African Americans, Hispanics, Jews,^{[41][42][43][44][45]} Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans,^[46] Italian Americans, Irish Americans, and Catholics, as well as immigrants, leftists, homosexuals,^{[47][48][49][50]} Muslims,^[51][52][53] atheists,^{[29][30][31][32]} and abortion providers.^[54][55][56]

Three separate Klans have existed in three non-overlapping time periods. Each comprised local chapters with little or no central direction. Each has advocated extremist reactionary positions such as white nationalism, anti-immigration and—especially in later iterations—Nordicism,^[57][58] antisemitism,^{[59][60][61][62][63][64]} anti-Catholicism, Prohibition, right-wing populism, anti-communism, homophobia,^{[65][66][67][68]} anti-atheism,^{[29][30][31][32]} and Islamophobia.^{[69][70][71][72][73]} The first Klan, founded by Confederate veterans in the late 1860s,^[74] would assault and murder politically active Black people and their allies in the South. The second iteration of the Klan originated in the late 1910s, and was the first to use cross burnings and white hooded robes. The KKK of the 1920s had a nationwide membership in the millions and reflected a cross-section of the native-born white population.^[75] The third Klan formed in the mid 20th century, largely as a reaction to the growing civil rights movement. It committed murders and bombings to achieve its aims. All three movements have called for the "purification" of American society, and are all considered far-right extremist organizations.^{[76][77][78][79]} In each era, membership was secret and estimates of the total were highly exaggerated by both friends and enemies.

The first Klan, established in the wake of the Civil War, was a defining organization of the Reconstruction era. According to historian Bordewich, the Klan was "the first organized terror movement in American history."^[40] Federal law enforcement began taking action against it around 1871. The Klan sought to overthrow Republican state governments in the South, especially by using voter intimidation and targeted violence against African-American leaders. The Klan was organized into numerous independent chapters across the Southern United States. Each chapter was autonomous and highly secretive about membership and plans. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks and pointed hats, designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities.^[80][81]

The second Klan started in 1915 as a small group in Georgia. It suddenly started to grow after 1920 and flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, including urban areas of the Midwest and West. Taking inspiration from D. W. Griffith's 1915 silent film The Birth of a Nation, which mythologized the founding of the first Klan, it employed marketing techniques and a popular fraternal organization structure. Rooted in local Protestant communities, it sought to maintain white supremacy, often took a pro-Prohibition stance, and it opposed Jews, while also stressing its opposition to the alleged political power of the pope and the Catholic Church. This second Klan flourished both in the south and northern states; it was funded by initiation fees and selling its members a standard white costume. The chapters did not have dues. It used K-words which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding cross burnings and mass parades to intimidate others. It rapidly declined in the latter half of the 1920s.

The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after 1950, in the form of localized and isolated groups that use the KKK name. They have focused on opposition to the civil rights movement, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. This manifestation is classified as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center.^[82] As of 2016^[update], the Anti-Defamation League puts total KKK membership nationwide at around 3,000, while the Southern Poverty Law Center puts it at 6,000 members total.^[83]

The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to a false mythologized perception of America's "Anglo-Saxon" blood, hearkening back to 19th-century nativism.^[84] Although members of the KKK swear to uphold "Christian morality", Christian denominations widely denounce them.^[85]

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