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Zoroaster𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 Zaraθuštra | |
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 19th-century Indian Zoroastrian perception of Zoroaster derived from a figure that appears in a 4th-century sculpture at Taq-e Bostan in South-Western Iran. The original is now believed to be either a representation of Mithra or Hvare-khshaeta.[1] | |
| Born | between c. 1700 and c. 600 BC[2][3][4][5][6] (maybe c. 1000 BC)[7][8] |
| Known for | Spiritual founder, central figure and prophet in Zoroastrianism Prophet in Baháʼí Faith Prophet in Ahmadiya branch of Islam |
| Spouses | According to Zoroastrian tradition:
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| Children | According to Zoroastrian tradition:
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| Parents |
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Zoroaster,[a] also known as Zarathustra,[b] was a religious reformer and the spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism. In the second millennium BC he founded the first documented monotheistic religion in the world and also had an impact on Heraclitus, Plato, Pythagoras, and the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.[9][10][11] Zoroastrians believe that he was a prophet who transmitted God's messages and founded a religious movement that challenged the existing traditions of ancient Iranian religion, while in the minority Ahmadiyya branch of Islam and in the Baháʼí Faith, he is also considered a prophet. He was a native speaker of Avestan and lived in the eastern part of the Iranian plateau, but his exact birthplace is uncertain.
Most scholars, using linguistic and socio-cultural evidence, suggest a dating to somewhere in the second millennium BC.[12][13][2] Zoroastrianism eventually became the official state religion of ancient Iran—particularly during the era of the Achaemenid Empire—and its distant subdivisions from around the 6th century BC until the 7th century AD, when the religion itself began to decline following the Arab-Muslim conquest of Iran.[14] Zoroaster is credited with authorship of the Gathas as well as the Yasna Haptanghaiti, a series of hymns composed in his native Avestan dialect that compose the core of Zoroastrian thinking. Little is known about Zoroaster; most of his life is known only from these scant texts.[9] By any modern standard of historiography, no evidence can place him into a fixed period and the historicization surrounding him may be a part of a trend from before the 10th century AD that historicizes legends and myths.[15]
- ^ Stausberg 2002, vol. I, pp. 58–59.
- ^ a b Lincoln 1991, pp. 149–150: "At present, the majority opinion among scholars probably inclines toward the end of the second millennium or the beginning of the first, although there are still those who hold for a date in the seventh century."
- ^ Boyce 1996, pp. 3, 189–191.
- ^ Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015, p. 61.
- ^ Nigosian 1993, pp. 15–16
- ^ Shahbazi 1977, pp. 25–35
- ^ Malandra 2005, : "Controversy over Zaraθuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so [...]".
- ^ Kellens 2011, : "In the last ten years a general consensus has gradually emerged in favor of placing the Gāthās around 1000 BCE [...]".
- ^ a b West 2010, p. 4
- ^ Boyce 1996, pp. 3–4.
- ^ "How Zoroastrianism influenced the Western world". 2017.
- ^ Boyce 1996, p. 3
- ^ West 2010, pp. 4–8
- ^ Boyce 2001, pp. 1–3
- ^ Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015, pp. 60–61.
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