Hjerneflugt

Hjerneflugt eller Brain drain (erobring af "hjerner") er udvandring af højtuddannede. Tendensen ses på bl.a. nationalt plan, hvor personer med høj intelligens eller teknisk kunnen emigrerer. Det vil sige, at et geografisk afgrænset område mister sine højtuddannede. Brain gain, altså erobring af højtuddannede, er den modsatte udvikling. Ved dette forstås, at højtuddannede (og personer med høj intelligens, kreativ- eller teknisk kunnen) immigrerer til et land. Som udgangspunkt anskues brain drain/gain i forhold til ud- og indvandring mellem lande. Dog definerer den anerkendte amerikanske udgiver af opslagsværker, Merriam-Webster, Brain Gain som:

	the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another usually for better pay or living conditions [1]

Det vil altså sige (løst oversat), udvandringen af højtuddannede eller beskæftigede fra et land, en sektor eller et område til et andet land, sektor eller område – typisk med højere løn eller bedre levebetingelser. Størstedelen af, hvad man kan kalde vandrere, altså højtuddannede personer, som ind- eller udvandrer, vandrer fra eller til et vestligt land.

Forskning viser, at der er signifikante økonomiske fordele for migranterne selv og for det land der modtaget migranterne.^{[2][3][4][5][6]} Effekten på oprindelseslandet er mindre ligetil at beskrive, men noget forskning tyder på, at det kan være positivt,^{[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]} negativ^{[14][15][16][17][18]} eller en blanding.^[19][20][21] Forskning viser også et emigration og tilbagemigration kan have positiv effekt på demokratisering og på kvaliteten af de politiske institutioner i oprindelseslandet.^{[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]}

1. ^ Meriam-Webster
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