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Anticoagulant

Anticoagulant
Drug class
Coagulation cascade and major classes of anticoagulants
Class identifiers
ATC codeB01
External links
MeSHD00534-class
Legal status
In Wikidata

An anticoagulant, commonly known as a blood thinner, is a chemical substance that prevents or reduces the coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time.[1] Some occur naturally in blood-eating animals, such as leeches and mosquitoes, which help keep the bite area unclotted long enough for the animal to obtain blood.[2][3]

As a class of medications, anticoagulants are used in therapy for thrombotic disorders.[4] Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are taken by many people in pill or tablet form, and various intravenous anticoagulant dosage forms are used in hospitals.[5][6] Some anticoagulants are used in medical equipment, such as sample tubes, blood transfusion bags, heart–lung machines, and dialysis equipment.[7][8] One of the first anticoagulants, warfarin, was initially approved as a rodenticide.[9]

Anticoagulants are closely related to antiplatelet drugs and thrombolytic drugs by manipulating the various pathways of blood coagulation.[10] Specifically, antiplatelet drugs inhibit platelet aggregation (clumping together), whereas anticoagulants inhibit specific pathways of the coagulation cascade, which happens after the initial platelet aggregation but before the formation of fibrin and stable aggregated platelet products.[11][12]

Common anticoagulants include warfarin and heparin.[13]

  1. ^ "Overview: Anticoagulant medicines". Health A to Z. NHS. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  2. ^ Azzopardi EA, Whitaker IS, Rozen WM, Naderi N, Kon M (October 2011). "Chemical and mechanical alternatives to leech therapy: a systematic review and critical appraisal". Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 27 (8). Thieme Medical Publishers: 481–6. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1284233. eISSN 0743-684X. PMID 21780018. S2CID 260192613.
  3. ^ Ha YR, Oh SR, Seo ES, Kim BH, Lee DK, Lee SJ (April 2014). "Detection of heparin in the salivary gland and midgut of Aedes togoi". The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 52 (2). The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine: 183–8. doi:10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.183. eISSN 2982-6799. PMC 4028456. PMID 24850962.
  4. ^ Yoo HH, Nunes-Nogueira VS, Boas, PJ (7 February 2020). "Anticoagulant treatment for subsegmental pulmonary embolism". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (2): CD010222. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010222.pub4. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7004894. PMID 32030721.
  5. ^ Cohen AT, Hamilton M, Mitchell SA, Phatak H, Liu X, Bird A, et al. (2015-12-30). ten Cate H (ed.). "Comparison of the Novel Oral Anticoagulants Apixaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban, and Rivaroxaban in the Initial and Long-Term Treatment and Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis". PLOS One. 10 (12): e0144856. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044856C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144856. PMC 4696796. PMID 26716830.
  6. ^ Almutairi AR, Zhou L, Gellad WF, Lee JK, Slack MK, Martin JR, et al. (July 2017). "Effectiveness and Safety of Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants for Atrial Fibrillation and Venous Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses". Clinical Therapeutics. 39 (7): 1456–1478.e36. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.05.358. PMID 28668628.
  7. ^ Banfi G, Salvagno GL, Lippi G (2007-01-01). "The role of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as in vitro anticoagulant for diagnostic purposes". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 45 (5): 565–76. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.110. PMID 17484616. S2CID 23824484.
  8. ^ Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE (May 2015). "Safe anticoagulation when heart and lungs are "on vacation"". Annals of Translational Medicine. 3 (Suppl 1): S11. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.03. PMC 4437941. PMID 26046056.
  9. ^ Pirmohamed M (November 2006). "Warfarin: almost 60 years old and still causing problems". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 62 (5): 509–11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02806.x. PMC 1885167. PMID 17061959.
  10. ^ Patel S, Singh R, Preuss CV, Patel N (2020). "Warfarin". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29261922. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  11. ^ Iqbal AM, Lopez RA, Hai O (2020). "Antiplatelet Medications". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30725747. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  12. ^ Harter K, Levine M, Henderson SO (January 2015). "Anticoagulation drug therapy: a review". The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 16 (1): 11–7. doi:10.5811/westjem.2014.12.22933. PMC 4307693. PMID 25671002.
  13. ^ Winslow R, Johnson A (2007-12-10). "Race Is on for the Next Blood Thinner". The Wall Street Journal. p. A12. Retrieved 2008-01-06. ...in a market now dominated by one of the oldest mainstay pills in medicine: the blood thinner warfarin. At least five next-generation blood thinners are in advanced testing to treat or prevent potentially debilitating or life-threatening blood clots in surgery and heart patients. First candidates could reach the market in 2009.

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