Back Sianobakterie Afrikaans ሰማያዊ አረንጓዴአማ ዋቅላሚዎች Amharic Cyanobacteria AN بكتيريا زرقاء Arabic بكتيريا زرقاء ARZ Sianobakteriya Azerbaijani Цыянабактэрыі Byelorussian Цианобактерии Bulgarian সায়ানোব্যাকটেরিয়া Bengali/Bangla Cijanobakterije BS
| Cyanobacteria Temporal range: (Possible Paleoarchean records)
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Microscope image of Cylindrospermum, a filamentous genus of cyanobacteria | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Clade: | Terrabacteria |
| Clade: | Cyanobacteria-Melainabacteria group |
| Phylum: | Cyanobacteria Stanier, 1973 |
| Class: | Cyanophyceae |
| Orders[3] | |
| Synonyms | |
|
List
| |
Cyanobacteria (/saɪˌænoʊbækˈtɪəri.ə/), also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria[4] that can obtain biological energy via photosynthesis. The name 'cyanobacteria' refers to their color (from Ancient Greek κύανος (kúanos) 'blue'),[5][6] which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blue-green algae,[7][8][9] although they are not scientifically classified as algae.[note 1] They appear to have originated in a freshwater or terrestrial environment.[10]
Cyanobacteria are probably the most numerous taxon to have ever existed on Earth and the first organisms known to have produced oxygen.[11] By producing and releasing oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, cyanobacteria are thought to have converted the early oxygen-poor, reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, causing the Great Oxidation Event and the "rusting of the Earth",[12] which dramatically changed the composition of life forms on Earth.[13]
Cyanobacteria use photosynthetic pigments, such as various forms of chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobilins to convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy. Unlike heterotrophic prokaryotes, cyanobacteria have internal membranes. These are flattened sacs called thylakoids where photosynthesis is performed.[14][15] Phototrophic eukaryotes such as green plants perform photosynthesis in plastids that are thought to have their ancestry in cyanobacteria, acquired long ago via a process called endosymbiosis. These endosymbiotic cyanobacteria in eukaryotes then evolved and differentiated into specialized organelles such as chloroplasts, chromoplasts, etioplasts, and leucoplasts, collectively known as plastids.
Sericytochromatia, the proposed name of the paraphyletic and most basal group, is the ancestor of both the non-photosynthetic group Melainabacteria and the photosynthetic cyanobacteria, also called Oxyphotobacteria.[16]
The cyanobacteria Synechocystis and Cyanothece are important model organisms with potential applications in biotechnology for bioethanol production, food colorings, as a source of human and animal food, dietary supplements and raw materials.[17] Cyanobacteria produce a range of toxins known as cyanotoxins that can cause harmful health effects in humans and animals.
- ^ Silva PC, Moe RL (December 2019). "Cyanophyceae". AccessScience. McGraw Hill Education. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.175300. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
- ^ Oren A (September 2004). "A proposal for further integration of the cyanobacteria under the Bacteriological Code". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (Pt 5): 1895–1902. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.03008-0. PMID 15388760.
- ^ Komárek J, Kaštovský J, Mareš J, Johansen JR (2014). "Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach" (PDF). Preslia. 86: 295–335.
- ^ Sinha RP, Häder DP (2008). "UV-protectants in cyanobacteria". Plant Science. 174 (3): 278–289. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2007.12.004.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "cyan". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
- ^ κύανος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ "Life History and Ecology of Cyanobacteria". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ "Taxonomy Browser – Cyanobacteria". National Center for Biotechnology Information. NCBI:txid1117. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ Allaby M, ed. (1992). "Algae". The Concise Dictionary of Botany. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Stal LJ, Cretoiu MS (2016). The Marine Microbiome: An Untapped Source of Biodiversity and Biotechnological Potential. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-3319330006.
- ^ Crockford PW, Bar On YM, Ward LM, Milo R, Halevy I (November 2023). "The geologic history of primary productivity". Current Biology. 33 (21): 4741–4750.e5. Bibcode:2023CBio...33E4741C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.040. PMID 37827153. S2CID 263839383.
- ^ Whitton BA, ed. (2012). "The fossil record of cyanobacteria". Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in Space and Time. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 17. ISBN 978-94-007-3855-3.
- ^ "Bacteria". Basic Biology. 18 March 2016.
- ^ Liberton M, Pakrasi HB (2008). "Chapter 10. Membrane Systems in Cyanobacteria". In Herrero A, Flore E (eds.). The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics, and Evolution. Norwich, United Kingdom: Horizon Scientific Press. pp. 217–287. ISBN 978-1-904455-15-8.
- ^ Liberton M, Page LE, O'Dell WB, O'Neill H, Mamontov E, Urban VS, Pakrasi HB (February 2013). "Organization and flexibility of cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes examined by neutron scattering". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (5): 3632–3640. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.416933. PMC 3561581. PMID 23255600.
- ^ Monchamp ME, Spaak P, Pomati F (27 July 2019). "Long Term Diversity and Distribution of Non-photosynthetic Cyanobacteria in Peri-Alpine Lakes". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 3344. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03344. PMC 6340189. PMID 30692982.
- ^ Pathak J, Rajneesh, Maurya PK, Singh SP, Haeder DP, Sinha RP (2018). "Cyanobacterial Farming for Environment Friendly Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Innovations and Perspectives". Frontiers in Environmental Science. 6. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2018.00007. ISSN 2296-665X.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).
© MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search