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Marcion of Sinope | |
|---|---|
 Apostle John (left) and (according to Eisler) Marcion of Sinope (right), from Morgan Library MS 748, 11th century.[1] | |
| Born | AD 85 |
| Died | AD 160 Anatolia, Roman Empire |
| Notable work | Gospel of Marcion |
| Theological work | |
| Era | Patristic age |
| Tradition or movement | Marcionism |
| Main interests | Dualism, Nontrinitarianism |
Marcion of Sinope (/ˈmɑːrkiən, -siən/; Ancient Greek: Μαρκίων[2][note 1] Σινώπης; c. 85 – c. 160) was a theologian[3] in early Christianity.[3][4] Marcion preached that God had sent Jesus Christ, who was distinct from the "vengeful" God (Demiurge) who had created the world.[3][4][5] He considered himself a follower of Paul the Apostle, whom he believed to have been the only true apostle of Jesus Christ; his doctrine is called Marcionism.[3][4][6] Marcion published the earliest record of a canon of New Testament books.[3][7]
Early Church Fathers such as Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, and Tertullian denounced Marcion as a heretic or antichrist,[8] and he was excommunicated by the church of Rome around 144.[9] He published his own canon of Christian sacred scriptures,[3][10][11] which contained ten Pauline epistles (the Pastoral epistles were not included) and the Gospel of Marcion which historically is claimed to be an edited version of the Gospel of Luke.[3][12] Some modern scholars have theorized that Marcion's Gospel was the oldest, although this has been contested.
This made Marcionism a catalyst in the process of the development of the New Testament canon by forcing the proto-orthodox Church to respond to his canon.[3][13]
- ^ Eisler, Robert (1938). The Enigma of the Fourth Apostle, Methuen & Co.,p. 158, plate XIII).
- ^ First Apology of Justin Martyr, XXVI.5
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ehrman, Bart D. (2005) [2003]. "At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites". Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 95–112. doi:10.1017/s0009640700110273. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1. LCCN 2003053097. S2CID 152458823.
- ^ a b c Dunn, James D. G. (2016). ""The Apostle of the Heretics": Paul, Valentinus, and Marcion". In Porter, Stanley E.; Yoon, David (eds.). Paul and Gnosis. Pauline Studies. Vol. 9. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 105–118. doi:10.1163/9789004316690_008. ISBN 978-90-04-31668-3. LCCN 2016009435. S2CID 171394481.
- ^ BeDuhn 2015, p. 165.
- ^ Knox 1942, p. 7.
- ^ Westcott, Brooke Foss (1870). A general survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament, during the first four centuries.
- ^ Kaatz, K.W. (2012). Early Controversies and the Growth of Christianity. Praeger Series on the Ancient World. ABC-CLIO. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-313-38360-1. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
- ^ Harnack 1921, p. 17.
- ^ Bruce 1988, p. 134.
- ^ Knox 1942, p. 19.
- ^ BeDuhn 2015, p. 166.
- ^ Knox 1942, p. 3.
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