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Measles vaccine

Measles vaccine
A child is given a measles vaccine.
Vaccine description
TargetMeasles virus
Vaccine typeAttenuated
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa601176
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
ChemSpider
  • none
KEGG
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Measles vaccine protects against becoming infected with measles.[1] Nearly all of those who do not develop immunity after a single dose develop it after a second dose.[1] When the rate of vaccination within a population is greater than 92%, outbreaks of measles typically no longer occur; however, they may occur again if the rate of vaccination decreases.[1] The vaccine's effectiveness lasts many years.[1] It is unclear if it becomes less effective over time.[1] The vaccine may also protect against measles if given within a couple of days after exposure to measles.[2][1][3][4]

The vaccine is generally safe, even for those infected by HIV.[1][5] Most children do not experience any side effects;[6] those that do occur are usually mild, such as fever, rash, pain at the site of injection, and joint stiffness; and are short-lived.[1][6] Anaphylaxis has been documented in about 3.5–10 cases per million doses.[1] Rates of Guillain–Barré syndrome, autism and inflammatory bowel disease do not appear to be increased by measles vaccination.[1][7]

The vaccine is available both by itself and in combinations such as the MMR vaccine (a combination with the rubella vaccine and mumps vaccine)[1] or the MMRV vaccine (a combination of MMR with the chickenpox vaccine).[8][9][10] The measles vaccine is equally effective for preventing measles in all formulations, but side effects vary for different combinations.[1][11] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends measles vaccine be given at nine months of age in areas of the world where the disease is common, or at twelve months where the disease is not common.[12][1] Measles vaccine is based on a live but weakened strain of measles.[1] It comes as a dried powder which is mixed with a specific liquid before being injected either just under the skin or into a muscle.[1] Verification that the vaccine was effective can be determined by blood tests.[1]

The measles vaccine was first introduced in 1963.[13] In that year, the Edmonston-B strain of measles virus was turned into a vaccine by John Enders and colleagues and licensed in the United States.[14][15] In 1968, an improved and even weaker measles vaccine was developed by Maurice Hilleman and colleagues, and began to be distributed, becoming the only measles vaccine used in the United States since 1968.[16][14][15] About 86% of children globally had received at least one dose of the vaccine as of 2018.[17] In 2021, at least 183 countries provided two doses in their routine immunization schedule.[18] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[19] As outbreaks easily occur in under-vaccinated populations, non-prevalence of disease is seen as a test of sufficient vaccination within a population.[20][21]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p World Health Organization (April 2017). "Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 92 (17): 205–27. hdl:10665/255377. PMID 28459148. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  2. ^ "Measles Vaccination and Infection: Questions and Misconceptions". ASM.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  3. ^ "Summary of the WHO position on Measles Vaccine- April 2017" (PDF). who.int. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2022.
  4. ^ "Measles". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  5. ^ "About Measles Vaccination | Vaccination and Immunizations | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 9 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  6. ^ a b CDC (2 August 2019). "Measles and the Vaccine (Shot)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  7. ^ "Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 5 April 2021. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  8. ^ Mitchell D (2013). The essential guide to children's vaccines. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 127. ISBN 9781466827509. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  9. ^ "ProQuad- measles, mumps, rubella and varicella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension". DailyMed. 26 September 2019. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference www.cdc.gov_2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Information Sheet Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  12. ^ "MEASLES VACCINE - Essential drugs". medicalguidelines.msf.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  13. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). CDC health information for international travel 2014 the yellow book. Oxford University Press. p. 250. ISBN 9780199948505. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  14. ^ a b CDC (5 November 2020). "History of Measles". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  15. ^ a b "Measles History". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 5 February 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. ^ "Vaccine History: Developments by Year". The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 20 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  17. ^ "Measles Fact Sheet - WHO". World Health Organization (WHO). 20 March 2023. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  18. ^ "Immunization Coverage - WHO". World Health Organization (WHO). 14 July 2022. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  19. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  20. ^ "Measles". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  21. ^ Abramson B (2018). Vaccine, vaccination, and immunization law. Bloomberg Law. pp. 10–30. ISBN 9781682675830.

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