Parallel individuation system

The parallel individuation system, also called object tracking system is a non-symbolic cognitive system that supports the representation of numerical values from zero to three (in infants) or four (in adults and non-human animals). It is one of the two cognitive systems responsible for the representation of number, the other one being the approximate number system.^[1] Unlike the approximate number system, which is not precise and provides only an estimation of the number, the parallel individuation system is an exact system and encodes the exact numerical identity of the individual items.^[2] The parallel individuation system has been attested in human adults, non-human animals,^[2] such as fish^[3] and human infants, although performance of infants is dependent on their age and task.^[4]

^ Piazza, M. (2010). "Neurocognitive start-up tools for symbolic number representations". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 14 (12): 542–551. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.008. PMID 21055996. S2CID 13229498.
^ ^a ^b Hyde, D. (2011). "Two systems of non-symbolic numerical cognition". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 5: 150. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00150. PMC 3228256. PMID 22144955.
^ Agrillo, Christian (2012). "Evidence for Two Numerical Systems That Are Similar in Humans and Guppies". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31923. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731923A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031923. PMC 3280231. PMID 22355405.
^ Feigenson, L; Dehaene S.; Spelke, E. (2004). "Core systems of number". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 8 (7): 307–314. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.002. PMID 15242690. S2CID 17313189.

[Piazza-1] Piazza, M. (2010). "Neurocognitive start-up tools for symbolic number representations". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 14 (12): 542–551. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.008. PMID 21055996. S2CID 13229498.

[Hyde-2] Hyde, D. (2011). "Two systems of non-symbolic numerical cognition". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 5: 150. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00150. PMC 3228256. PMID 22144955.

[agrillo-3] Agrillo, Christian (2012). "Evidence for Two Numerical Systems That Are Similar in Humans and Guppies". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31923. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731923A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031923. PMC 3280231. PMID 22355405.

[Feigenson-4] Feigenson, L; Dehaene S.; Spelke, E. (2004). "Core systems of number". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 8 (7): 307–314. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.002. PMID 15242690. S2CID 17313189.

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