Omar Khayyam

Hakim
Omar Khayyam
Hakim Omar Khayyam
عمر خیّام
	Statue of Khayyam in Mashhad, Iran
Born	18 May 1048; Nishapur, Khorasan, Persia
Died	4 December 1131 (aged 83); Nishapur, Khorasan, Persia
Academic background
Influences	Avicenna; al-Khwārizmī; Euclid; Apollonius of Perge;
Academic work
Main interests	Mathematics; Astronomy; Persian philosophy; Persian poetry;
Influenced	Tusi; Al-Khazini; Nizami Aruzi of Samarcand; Hafez; Sadegh Hedayat; André Gide; John Wallis; Saccheri; Edward FitzGerald; Maurice Bouchor; Henri Cazalis; Jean Chapelain; Amin Maalouf;

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm Nīsābūrī^[1]^[3] (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131), commonly known as Omar Khayyam (Persian: عمر خیّام),^[a] was a Persian polymath, known for his contributions to mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and poetry.^[4]^: 94 He was born in Nishapur, the initial capital of the Seljuk Empire, and lived during the period of the Seljuk dynasty, around the time of the First Crusade.

As a mathematician, he is most notable for his work on the classification and solution of cubic equations, where he provided a geometric formulation based on the intersection of conics.^[5] He also contributed to a deeper understanding of Euclid's parallel axiom.^[6]^: 284 As an astronomer, he calculated the duration of the solar year with remarkable precision and accuracy, and designed the Jalali calendar, a solar calendar with a very precise 33-year intercalation cycle^[7]^: 659 ^[b] which provided the basis for the Persian calendar that is still in use after nearly a millennium.

There is a tradition of attributing poetry to Omar Khayyam, written in the form of quatrains (rubāʿiyāt رباعیات). This poetry became widely known to the English-reading world in a translation by Edward FitzGerald (Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, 1859), which enjoyed great success in the Orientalism of the fin de siècle.

^ ^a ^b ^c Tikkanen, Amy (28 February 2023). "Omar Khayyam: Persian poet and astronomer". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ ^a ^b Nasr, S.H.; Aminrazavi, M.; with the assistance of M. R. Jozi (2008). An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. Volume I: From Zoroaster to Omar Khayyam. London & New York: I.B. Tauris, in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London. ISBN 978-1-84511-541-8.
^ Dehkhoda, A.A. "Khayyam". Lūght-nāmah (in Persian). Tehran.
^ Levy, Reuben (2011) [1951]. The Persian Language. Routledge Library Editions: Iran, Volume: XV. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-83301-8.
^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (July 1999), "Omar Khayyam", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
^ Struik, D.J. (1958). "Omar Khayyam, mathematician". The Mathematics Teacher. LII (4): 280–285. JSTOR 27955652.
^ Boyle, J.A. (2007) [1975]. "'Umar Khayyām: Astronomer, Mathematician and Poet". In Richard N. Frye (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume IV: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 658–664. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521200936.023. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
^ Cite error: The named reference The Wine of Wisdom was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[Britannica-1] Tikkanen, Amy (28 February 2023). "Omar Khayyam: Persian poet and astronomer". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2023.

[NasrRazavi-2] Nasr, S.H.; Aminrazavi, M.; with the assistance of M. R. Jozi (2008). An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. Volume I: From Zoroaster to Omar Khayyam. London & New York: I.B. Tauris, in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London. ISBN 978-1-84511-541-8.

[3] Dehkhoda, A.A. "Khayyam". Lūght-nāmah (in Persian). Tehran.

[5] Levy, Reuben (2011) [1951]. The Persian Language. Routledge Library Editions: Iran, Volume: XV. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-83301-8.

[mactutor-6] O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (July 1999), "Omar Khayyam", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews

[Struik-7] Struik, D.J. (1958). "Omar Khayyam, mathematician". The Mathematics Teacher. LII (4): 280–285. JSTOR 27955652.

[The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran-8] Boyle, J.A. (2007) [1975]. "'Umar Khayyām: Astronomer, Mathematician and Poet". In Richard N. Frye (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume IV: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 658–664. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521200936.023. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.

[The_Wine_of_Wisdom-9] Cite error: The named reference The Wine of Wisdom was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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