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| Elections in Tennessee |
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The 1920 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 2, 1920, as part of the 1920 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 12 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
For over a century after the Civil War, Tennessee was divided according to political loyalties established in that war. Unionist regions covering almost all of East Tennessee, Kentucky Pennyroyal-allied Macon County, and the five West Tennessee Highland Rim counties of Carroll, Henderson, McNairy, Hardin and Wayne[1] voted Republican – generally by landslide margins – as they saw the Democratic Party as the “war party” who had forced them into a war they did not wish to fight.[2] Contrariwise, the rest of Middle and West Tennessee who had supported and driven the state’s secession was equally fiercely Democratic as it associated the Republicans with Reconstruction.[3] After the disfranchisement of the state’s African-American population by a poll tax was largely complete in the 1890s,[4] the Democratic Party was certain of winning statewide elections if united,[5] although unlike the Deep South Republicans would almost always gain thirty to forty percent of the statewide vote from mountain and Highland Rim support. When the Democratic Party was bitterly divided, the Republicans did win the governorship in 1910 and 1912, but did not gain at other levels.
During the period before the 1920 presidential election, Tennessee was the center of bitter debate over the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, which the state – with its Democratic Party still seriously divided[6] – ultimately passed by a very close margin, 50 to 46, in the House of Representatives.[7]
Although most of the Republicans in the state legislature had supported the Nineteenth Amendment,[7] outgoing Democratic President Woodrow Wilson’s League of Nations was deeply unpopular in the isolationist and fundamentalist[8] Appalachian regions,[9] and the President was thus stigmatized for his advocacy of that organization. Democratic nominee James M. Cox also supported American participation in the League,[10] whereas his rival Warren Harding was largely opposed to the League and was helped in the South by racial and labor unrest elsewhere in the country.[11]
At the end of October, opinions were divided on whether Harding could break the “Solid South” in Tennessee – which had had the strongest Republican Party in the region ever since Reconstruction was overthrown – with some suggesting he could make a challenge in North Carolina[12] whose poll tax was being abolished at this time.[a] Claims continued to be divisive until even after the polls in Tennessee had closed.[13]
Ultimately a late swing to Harding ensured the “Solid South” was broken for the first time since 1876, and Harding became only the second Republican to carry Tennessee after Ulysses S. Grant in 1868. Harding’s victory did not see a major change in partisan alignments, but was due to gains in normally Democratic rural white counties of Middle Tennessee[14] – where he was the only Republican to carry Perry County[b] between Ulysses S. Grant in 1868 and John McCain in 2008[15] and the solitary GOP victor in Jackson County until Mitt Romney in 2012[15] – plus abnormally high voter turnout amongst isolationist mountaineers in rock-ribbed Republican East Tennessee.[9] Harding also gained important help through overwhelming support from the few blacks able to vote – all residing within the state’s largest cities – due to his public support for civil rights for African-Americans.[14]
- ^ Wright, John K. (October 1932). "Voting Habits in the United States: A Note on Two Maps". Geographical Review. 22 (4): 666–672. doi:10.2307/208821. JSTOR 208821.
- ^ Key (Jr.), Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York City. pp. 282–283.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Lyons, William; Scheb (II), John M.; Stair, Billy (September 17, 2023). Government and Politics in Tennessee. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-1572331419.
- ^ Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 208, 210 ISBN 9780691163246
- ^ Grantham, Dewey W. (Fall 1995). "Tennessee and Twentieth-Century American Politics". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 54 (3): 210–229.
- ^ Marcellus, Jane (Summer 2010). "Southern Myths and the Nineteenth Amendment: The Participation of Nashville Newspaper Publishers in the Final State's Ratification". Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. 87 (2): 241–262. doi:10.1177/107769901008700202. S2CID 145009700.
- ^ a b "Woman Suffrage Wins as Tennessee Ratifies: Close Vote of 50 to 46 in House May Still Be Upset Upon Reconsideration". Boston Daily Globe. August 19, 1920. p. 1.
- ^ Ruotsila, Markku (2003). "Conservative American Protestantism in the League of Nations controversy". Church History. 72 (3): 593–616. doi:10.1017/S000964070010037X. S2CID 153395337.
- ^ a b Phillips; The Emerging Republican Majority, p. 211 ISBN 9780691163246
- ^ Faykosh, Joseph D. (2016). A party in peril: Franklin Roosevelt, the Democratic Party, and the Circular Letter of 1924 (Thesis). Bowling Green State University. p. 43.
- ^ Faykosh. A Party in Peril (Thesis), p. 42
- ^ "Victory is Claimed by Rival Chairmen: Hays Sees 368 Electoral Votes for Harding". The Washington Post. October 31, 1920. p. 1.
- ^ "Diverse Claims as to Tennessee: Memphis Says Cox Is Carrying State – Knoxville Reports Harding Ahead". The New York Times. New York City. November 3, 1920. p. 2.
- ^ a b Reichard, Gary W. (February 1970). "The Aberration of 1920: An Analysis of Harding's Victory in Tennessee". The Journal of Southern History. 36 (1): 33–49. doi:10.2307/2206601. JSTOR 2206601.
- ^ a b Menendez, Albert J. (2005). The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868-2004. McFarland. pp. 298–303. ISBN 0786422173.
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