Back Operación Libertad Duradera-Trans Sahara Spanish Opération Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara French Հարատև ազատություն գործողություն՝ Արևմտյան Սահարա Armenian Operazione Libertà Duratura - Trans Sahara Italian トランス・サハラにおける不朽の自由作戦 Japanese 주니퍼 실드 작전 Korean Operação Liberdade Duradoura - Trans Saara Portuguese Операция «Можжевеловый щит» Russian Операція «Нескорена свобода» — Західна Сахара Ukrainian
Operation Juniper Shield, formerly known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), is the military operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the Saharan and Sahel regions of Africa, consisting of counterterrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa. It is part of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). The other OEF mission in Africa is Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA).
Congress approved $500 million for the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI) over six years to support countries involved in counterterrorism against alleged threats of al-Qaeda operating in African countries, primarily Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Nigeria, and Morocco.[25] This program builds upon the former Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI), which concluded in December 2004[26] and focused on weapon and drug trafficking, as well as counterterrorism.[27] TSCTI has both military and non-military components to it. OEF-TS is the military component of the program. Civil affairs elements include USAID educational efforts, airport security, Department of the Treasury, and State Department efforts.[28]
Canada deployed teams of less than 15 CSOR members to Mali throughout 2011 to help combat militants in the Sahara.[2] Although the special forces will not engage in combat, they will train the Malian military in basic soldiering. Areas include communications, planning, first aid, and providing aid to the general populace.[2]
- ^ a b c d e "Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal". AFRICOM. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.
- ^ a b c "Canada Sends Special Forces to Aid African Al-Qaida Fight". Montreal Gazette. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
Atlas Accordwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base". France 24 news. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
- ^ "Police in Spain arrest 5 suspected of financing terrorists". CNN. 27 September 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ "US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara". BBC. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
- ^ "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- ^ "The Danish effort in the Sahel region (MINUSMA and Operation Barkhane)". fmn.dk. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ Maclean, Ruth; O’Reilly, Finbarr (29 March 2020). "Crisis in the Sahel Becoming France's Forever War". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Forces, Swedish Armed. "Swedish Special Forces to Mali". Försvarsmakten. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ a b Comolli (2015), pp. 28, 103, 171.
- ^ "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ^ Lamothe, Dan (29 December 2014). "Meet Operation Freedom's Sentinel, the Pentagon's new mission in Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
- ^ "Training in Trans-Sahara Africa". USASOC News Service. United States Army Special Operations Command. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
- ^ "Al-Qaeda in North Africa appoints new leader after killing". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2020.
- ^ "Hosted news". Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2016..
- ^ "Mauritania army raid killed al-Qaida group leader". Miami Herald. 23 October 2011.
- ^ "AQIM Leader Surrenders in Algeria". News24. 1 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
- ^ "Niger Militant with ties to killers of French engineer arrested". ADN Kronos. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ a b "U.S., Morocco Plans Fifth "African Lion" Exercise". World Tribune. 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ "Al Qaeda retreats from West Mali Camps-Military Sources". Reuters Africa. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- ^ "Mauritania Killings May be New Qaeda Chapter". Reuters. 11 February 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- ^ "Tuaregs Use Qaddafi's Arms for Rebellion in Mali". The New York Times. 5 February 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
- ^ "5 Facts About Boko Haram". 24/7 Nigeria news update. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ "US to get Africa command centre". BBC News. 6 February 2007. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ "EUCOM: Operations and Initiatives". EUCOM. Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
- ^ "Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI)". Global Security. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
- ^ "Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS)". Global Security. Archived from the original on 15 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
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