Jealousy

Jealousy generally refers to the thoughts or feelings of insecurity, fear, and concern over a relative lack of possessions or safety.

Jealousy can consist of one or more emotions such as anger, resentment, inadequacy, helplessness or disgust. In its original meaning, jealousy is distinct from envy, though the two terms have popularly become synonymous in the English language, with jealousy now also taking on the definition originally used for envy alone. These two emotions are often confused with each other, since they tend to appear in the same situation.^[1]

Jealousy is a typical experience in human relationships, and it has been observed in infants as young as five months.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Some researchers claim that jealousy is seen in all cultures and is a universal trait.^[6]^[7]^[8] However, others claim jealousy is a culture-specific emotion.^[9]

Jealousy can either be suspicious or reactive,^[10] and it is often reinforced as a series of particularly strong emotions and constructed as a universal human experience. Psychologists have proposed several models to study the processes underlying jealousy and have identified factors that result in jealousy.^[11] Sociologists have demonstrated that cultural beliefs and values play an important role in determining what triggers jealousy and what constitutes socially acceptable expressions of jealousy.^[12] Biologists have identified factors that may unconsciously influence the expression of jealousy.^[13]

Throughout history, artists have also explored the theme of jealousy in paintings, films, songs, plays, poems, and books, and theologians have offered religious views of jealousy based on the scriptures of their respective faiths.

^ "What Is the Difference Between Envy and Jealousy? | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
^ Draghi-Lorenz, R. (2000). Five-month-old infants can be jealous: Against cognitivist solipsism. Paper presented in a symposium convened for the XIIth Biennial International Conference on Infant Studies (ICIS), 16–19 July, Brighton, UK.
^ Hart, S (2002). "Jealousy in 6-month-old infants". Infancy. 3 (3): 395–402. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0303_6. PMID 33451216.
^ Hart, S (2004). "When infants lose exclusive maternal attention: Is it jealousy?". Infancy. 6: 57–78. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0601_3.
^ Shackelford, T.K.; Voracek, M.; Schmitt, D.P.; Buss, D.M.; Weekes-Shackelford, V.A.; Michalski, R.L. (2004). "Romantic jealousy in early adulthood and in later life". Human Nature. 15 (3): 283–300. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.387.4722. doi:10.1007/s12110-004-1010-z. PMID 26190551. S2CID 10348416.
^ Buss, D.M. (2000). The Dangerous Passion: Why Jealousy is as Necessary as Love and Sex. New York: Free Press.
^ Buss DM (December 2001), "Human nature and culture: an evolutionary psychological perspective", J Pers, 69 (6): 955–78, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.152.1985, doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696171, PMID 11767825.
^ White, G.L., & Mullen, P.E. (1989). Jealousy: Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
^ Peter Salovey (1991). The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy. Guilford Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-89862-555-4.
^ Rydell RJ, Bringle RG Differentiating reactive and suspicious jealousy Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal 35(8):1099-1114 Jan 2007
^ Chung, Mingi; Harris, Christine R. (2018). "Jealousy as a Specific Emotion: The Dynamic Functional Model". Emotion Review. 10 (4): 272–287. doi:10.1177/1754073918795257. S2CID 149821370.
^ Clanton, Gordon (1996). "A Sociology of Jealousy". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 16 (9/10): 171–189. doi:10.1108/eb013274.
^ "Scientists pinpoint jealousy in the monogamous brain". Science & research news | Frontiers. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[1] "What Is the Difference Between Envy and Jealousy? | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

[Draghi-Lorenz,2000-2] Draghi-Lorenz, R. (2000). Five-month-old infants can be jealous: Against cognitivist solipsism. Paper presented in a symposium convened for the XIIth Biennial International Conference on Infant Studies (ICIS), 16–19 July, Brighton, UK.

[Hart,2002-3] Hart, S (2002). "Jealousy in 6-month-old infants". Infancy. 3 (3): 395–402. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0303_6. PMID 33451216.

[Hart,2004-4] Hart, S (2004). "When infants lose exclusive maternal attention: Is it jealousy?". Infancy. 6: 57–78. doi:10.1207/s15327078in0601_3.

[Shackelford-5] Shackelford, T.K.; Voracek, M.; Schmitt, D.P.; Buss, D.M.; Weekes-Shackelford, V.A.; Michalski, R.L. (2004). "Romantic jealousy in early adulthood and in later life". Human Nature. 15 (3): 283–300. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.387.4722. doi:10.1007/s12110-004-1010-z. PMID 26190551. S2CID 10348416.

[Buss,2000-6] Buss, D.M. (2000). The Dangerous Passion: Why Jealousy is as Necessary as Love and Sex. New York: Free Press.

[Buss,2001-7] Buss DM (December 2001), "Human nature and culture: an evolutionary psychological perspective", J Pers, 69 (6): 955–78, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.152.1985, doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696171, PMID 11767825.

[White,_Mullen-8] White, G.L., & Mullen, P.E. (1989). Jealousy: Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

[9] Peter Salovey (1991). The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy. Guilford Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-89862-555-4.

[10] Rydell RJ, Bringle RG Differentiating reactive and suspicious jealousy Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal 35(8):1099-1114 Jan 2007

[11] Chung, Mingi; Harris, Christine R. (2018). "Jealousy as a Specific Emotion: The Dynamic Functional Model". Emotion Review. 10 (4): 272–287. doi:10.1177/1754073918795257. S2CID 149821370.

[12] Clanton, Gordon (1996). "A Sociology of Jealousy". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 16 (9/10): 171–189. doi:10.1108/eb013274.

[13] "Scientists pinpoint jealousy in the monogamous brain". Science & research news | Frontiers. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2021.

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