Afghan mujahideen

Mujahideen
Mujahideen
مجاهدين
	Mujahideen rebels of the Yunus Khalis group, 1987
Leaders	Burhanuddin Rabbani and Ahmad Shah Massoud (Jamiat), Sibghatullah Mojaddedi (JNMA/AIG), Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (HIG), Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi (Harakat), Abdul Ali Mazari (Wahdat)
Dates of operation	1975–1992 (resistance phase); 1992–1996 (loyalist factions)
Motives	Combat the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and overthrow the Soviet-backed communist government
Active regions	Afghanistan; Pakistan;
Ideology	Islamism; Anti-communism; Anti-Sovietism
Allies	Pakistan; United States; Saudi Arabia; China; West Germany; United Kingdom; Turkey; Egypt; France; Israel; Japan; Iran (Shia factions)
Opponents	Soviet Union; Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Battles and wars	1975 Panjshir Valley uprising Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989); First Afghan Civil War (1989–1992); Gulf War (1991)
Organization(s)	"Peshawar Seven" (Sunni branch); Tehran Eight (Shia branch)
Flag
	Succeeded by; Northern Alliance Taliban

The Afghan mujahideen (Dari: مجاهدین افغان)(Pashto: افغان مجاهدين) were Islamist resistance militias that fought the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War and the subsequent First Afghan Civil War.

The term mujāhidīn (Arabic: مجاهدين) is used in a religious context by Muslims to refer to those engaged in a struggle of any nature for the sake of Islam, commonly referred to as jihad (جهاد). The Afghan mujahidin consisted of numerous groups that differed from each other across ethnic and/or ideological lines, but were united by their anti-communist and pro-Islamic goals. The coalition of anti-Soviet Muslim militias was also known as the Afghan resistance,^[6] and the Western press widely referred to the Afghan guerrillas as "freedom fighters", or "Mountain Men".

The militants of the Afghan mujahidin were recruited and organized immediately after the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979, initially from the regular Afghan population and defectors from the Afghan military, with the aim of waging an armed struggle against both the communist government of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, which had taken power in the 1978 Saur Revolution, and the Soviet Union, which had invaded the country in support of the former. There were many ideologically different factions among the mujahidin, with the most influential being the Jamiat-e Islami and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin parties. The Afghan mujahidin were generally divided into two distinct alliances: the larger and more significant Sunni Islamic union collectively referred to as the "Peshawar Seven", based in Pakistan, and the smaller Shia Islamic union collectively referred to as the "Tehran Eight", based in Iran; as well as independent units that referred to themselves as "mujahidin". The "Peshawar Seven" alliance received heavy assistance from the United States (Operation Cyclone), the United Kingdom, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, China, as well as other countries and private international donors.

The basic units of the mujahidin continued to reflect the highly decentralized nature of Afghan society and strong loci of competing Pashtun tribal groups, which had formed a union with other Afghan groups under intense American, Saudi Arabian and Pakistani pressure.^[7]^[8] The alliance sought to function as a united diplomatic front towards the international community, and sought representation in the United Nations and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference.^[9] The Afghan mujahidin also saw thousands of volunteers from various Muslim countries come to Afghanistan to aid the resistance. The majority of the international fighters came from the Arab world, and later became known as Afghan Arabs; the most well-known Arab financier and militant of the group during this period was Osama bin Laden, who would later found al-Qaeda and mastermind the September 11 attacks on the United States. Other international fighters from the Indian subcontinent became involved in terrorist activities in Kashmir and against the states of Bangladesh and Myanmar during the 1990s.^[10]^[11] The mujahidin guerrillas fought a long and costly war against the Soviet military, which suffered heavy losses and withdrew from the country in 1989, after which the rebels' war against the communist Afghan government continued. The loosely-aligned mujahidin took the capital city of Kabul in 1992 following the collapse of the Moscow-backed government. However, the new mujahidin government that was formed by the Peshawar Accords following these events was quickly fractured by rival factions and became severely dysfunctional. This unrest quickly escalated into a second civil war, which saw the large-scale collapse of the united Afghan mujahidin and the victorious emergence of the Taliban, which established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan shortly after taking most of the country in 1996. The Taliban groups were then ousted in 2001 during the War in Afghanistan, but regrouped and retook the country in 2021.^[12]

^ Renz, Michael (6 October 2012). "Operation Sommerregen". Die Welt (in German). No. 40. Die Welt. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c Michael Pohly. Krieg und Widerstand in Afghanistan (in German). p. 154.
^ "Use of toxins and other lethal agents in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan" (PDF). CIA. 2 February 1982. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
^ Inken Wiese (14 May 2010). "Das Engagement der arabischen Staaten in Afghanistan" (in German). Retrieved 18 March 2016.
^ ^a ^b Conrad Schetter. Ethnizität und ethnische Konflikte in Afghanistan (in German). p. 430.
^
Sources:
- Arnold, Anthony (1983). Afghanistan's two-party communism: Parcham and Khalq. Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA: Hoover University Press. pp. 109, 129, 133, 134. ISBN 0-8179-7792-9.
- Langley, Andrew (2007). "Introduction". The collapse of the Soviet Union: the end of an empire. Minneapolis, MN 55410, USA: Compass Point Books. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-7565-2009-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
- Amstutz, J. Bruce (1 July 1994). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. DIANE Publishing. pp. 133, 134. ISBN 9780788111112.
- Cordovez, S. Harrison, Deigo, Selig; S. Harrison, Selig (1995). "2: Soviet Occupation, Afghan Resistance, and the American Response". Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN 0-19-506294-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Rohan Gunaratna (2002). Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror. Columbia University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-231-12692-2. Union of Mujahidin OR Union of Mujahideen.
^ Tom Lansford (2003). A Bitter Harvest: US Foreign Policy and Afghanistan. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-3615-1. Under pressure from the United States, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, the main mujahideen parties joined together to form the Islamic Union of Mujahideen of Afghanistan in May 1985. The alliance was led by a general council which included Hekmatyr, Rabbani, and Abd-ur-Rabb-ur-Rasul Sayyaf, the leader of the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan which was established and funded by the Saudis.
^ Collins, George W. (March–April 1986). "The War in Afghanistan". Air University Review. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
^ Layekuzzaman (2 September 2021). "WILL THE ERA OF AFGHAN MUJAHIDEEN RETURN TO BANGLADESH AGAIN?". The Daily Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
^ "Ours Not To Question Why". www.outlookindia.com/. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
^ "Taliban forces rapidly gaining ground in Afghanistan as U.S. leaves". NBC News. 25 June 2021.

[1] Renz, Michael (6 October 2012). "Operation Sommerregen". Die Welt (in German). No. 40. Die Welt. Retrieved 6 June 2015.

[:1-2] Michael Pohly. Krieg und Widerstand in Afghanistan (in German). p. 154.

[:0-3] "Use of toxins and other lethal agents in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan" (PDF). CIA. 2 February 1982. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

[4] Inken Wiese (14 May 2010). "Das Engagement der arabischen Staaten in Afghanistan" (in German). Retrieved 18 March 2016.

[:2-5] Conrad Schetter. Ethnizität und ethnische Konflikte in Afghanistan (in German). p. 430.

[6] Sources:
Arnold, Anthony (1983). Afghanistan's two-party communism: Parcham and Khalq. Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA: Hoover University Press. pp. 109, 129, 133, 134. ISBN 0-8179-7792-9.

Langley, Andrew (2007). "Introduction". The collapse of the Soviet Union: the end of an empire. Minneapolis, MN 55410, USA: Compass Point Books. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-7565-2009-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

Amstutz, J. Bruce (1 July 1994). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. DIANE Publishing. pp. 133, 134. ISBN 9780788111112.

Cordovez, S. Harrison, Deigo, Selig; S. Harrison, Selig (1995). "2: Soviet Occupation, Afghan Resistance, and the American Response". Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN 0-19-506294-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[7] Arnold, Anthony (1983). Afghanistan's two-party communism: Parcham and Khalq. Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA: Hoover University Press. pp. 109, 129, 133, 134. ISBN 0-8179-7792-9.

[8] Langley, Andrew (2007). "Introduction". The collapse of the Soviet Union: the end of an empire. Minneapolis, MN 55410, USA: Compass Point Books. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-7565-2009-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[9] Amstutz, J. Bruce (1 July 1994). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. DIANE Publishing. pp. 133, 134. ISBN 9780788111112.

[10] Cordovez, S. Harrison, Deigo, Selig; S. Harrison, Selig (1995). "2: Soviet Occupation, Afghan Resistance, and the American Response". Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN 0-19-506294-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[7] Rohan Gunaratna (2002). Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror. Columbia University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-231-12692-2. Union of Mujahidin OR Union of Mujahideen.

[8] Tom Lansford (2003). A Bitter Harvest: US Foreign Policy and Afghanistan. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-3615-1. Under pressure from the United States, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, the main mujahideen parties joined together to form the Islamic Union of Mujahideen of Afghanistan in May 1985. The alliance was led by a general council which included Hekmatyr, Rabbani, and Abd-ur-Rabb-ur-Rasul Sayyaf, the leader of the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan which was established and funded by the Saudis.

[9] Collins, George W. (March–April 1986). "The War in Afghanistan". Air University Review. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2009.

[10] Layekuzzaman (2 September 2021). "WILL THE ERA OF AFGHAN MUJAHIDEEN RETURN TO BANGLADESH AGAIN?". The Daily Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2022.

[11] "Ours Not To Question Why". www.outlookindia.com/. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.

[12] "Taliban forces rapidly gaining ground in Afghanistan as U.S. leaves". NBC News. 25 June 2021.

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