Birmingham campaign

Birmingham Campaign
Part of the Civil Rights Movement
High school students are hit by a high-pressure water jet from a fire hose during a peaceful walk in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. As photographed by Charles Moore, images like this one, printed in Life, galvanized global support for the demonstrators.[1][2]
Date	April 3 – May 10, 1963[3]
Location	Birmingham, Alabama and Kelly Ingram Park
Resulted in	Mass demonstrations throughout United States Civil Rights Address delivered by John F. Kennedy March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Civil Rights Act of 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. writes "Letter from Birmingham Jail" Increased attention towards racial segregation in southern United States Martin Luther King Jr.'s reputation elevated Bull Connor ousted from his public office Desegregation in Birmingham
Parties
Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) City Commission of Birmingham Birmingham Police Department Birmingham Fire Department Birmingham Chamber of Commerce Ku Klux Klan
Lead figures
ACMHR member Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth SCLC members Martin Luther King Jr. James Bevel Wyatt Tee Walker Dorothy Cotton Mayors Art Hanes (1961–1963) Albert Boutwell (1963–1967) Commissioner of Public Safety Bull Connor Commissioner of Public Improvements J. T. Waggoner Sr. President of Chamber of Commerce Sid Smyer

The Birmingham campaign, also known as the Birmingham movement or Birmingham confrontation, was an American movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama.

Led by Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, Fred Shuttlesworth and others, the campaign of nonviolent direct action culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities, and eventually led the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws.

In the early 1960s, Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in the United States, enforced both legally and culturally. Black citizens faced legal and economic disparities, and violent retribution when they attempted to draw attention to their problems. Martin Luther King Jr. called it the most segregated city in the country.^[4] Protests in Birmingham began with a boycott led by Shuttlesworth meant to pressure business leaders to open employment to people of all races, and end segregation in public facilities, restaurants, schools, and stores. When local business and governmental leaders resisted the boycott, the SCLC agreed to assist. Organizer Wyatt Tee Walker joined Birmingham activist Shuttlesworth and began what they called Project C, a series of sit-ins and marches intended to provoke mass arrests.^[5]

When the campaign ran low on adult volunteers, James Bevel thought of the idea of having students become the main demonstrators in the Birmingham campaign.^[6] He then trained and directed high school, college, and elementary school students in nonviolence, and asked them to participate in the demonstrations by taking a peaceful walk 50 at a time from the 16th Street Baptist Church to City Hall in order to talk to the mayor about segregation. This resulted in over a thousand arrests, and, as the jails and holding areas filled with arrested students, the Birmingham Police Department, at the direction of the city Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor, used high-pressure water hoses and police attack dogs on the children and adult bystanders.^[7]

The Birmingham campaign was a model of nonviolent direct action protest and, through the media, drew the world's attention to racial segregation in the South. It burnished King's reputation, ousted Connor from his job, forced desegregation in Birmingham, and directly paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited racial discrimination in hiring practices and public services throughout the United States.