Trajan's Parthian campaign

Trajan's Parthian campaign
	Part of the Roman–Parthian Wars
	; Aureus issued by Trajan to celebrate the conquest of Parthia
Date	115–117
Location	Levant, Anatolia, Mesopotamia
Result	Roman Victory Romans annexed Mesopotamia for a time period but failed to maintain control of Mesopotamia after Trajan's death.; Adiabene conquered by Rome;
Belligerents
Roman Empire	Parthian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Trajan; Lusius Quietus; Parthamaspates	Osroes I; Parthamasiris †

Trajan's Parthian campaign was engaged by Roman Emperor Trajan in 115 against the Parthian Empire in Mesopotamia. The war was initially successful for the Romans, but a series of setbacks, including wide-scale rebellions in the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa and Trajan's death in 117, ended in a Roman withdrawal.

In 113, Trajan decided that the moment was ripe for a final resolution of the "eastern question" by the decisive defeat of Parthia and the annexation of Armenia. His conquests marked a deliberate change of Roman policy towards Parthia and a shift of emphasis in the empire's "grand strategy".^[5] In 114, Trajan invaded Armenia; annexed it as a Roman province and killed Parthamasiris, who had been placed on the Armenian throne by his relative, Parthia King Osroes I.^[6]

In 115, the Roman emperor overran northern Mesopotamia and annexed it to Rome as well. Its conquest was deemed necessary since otherwise, the Armenian salient could be cut off by the Parthians from the south.^[6] The Romans then captured the Parthian capital, Ctesiphon, before they sailed downriver to the Persian Gulf.

However, revolts erupted that year in the Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa and northern Mesopotamia, while a major Jewish revolt broke out in Roman territory, which severely stretched Roman military resources. Trajan failed to take Hatra, which avoided a total Parthian defeat. Parthian forces attacked key Roman positions, and Roman garrisons at Seleucia, Nisibis and Edessa were evicted by the local populaces. Trajan subdued the rebels in Mesopotamia; installed a Parthian prince, Parthamaspates, as a client ruler and withdrew to Syria. Trajan died in 117 before he could renew the war.^[7]

Trajan's Parthian campaign is considered in different ways the climax of "two centuries of political posturing and bitter rivalry".^[8] He was the first emperor to carry out a successful invasion of Mesopotamia. His grand schemes for Armenia and Mesopotamia were ultimately "cut short by circumstances created by an incorrect understanding of the strategic realities of eastern conquest and an underestimation of what insurgency can do".^[8]

^ Grainger, John. D. (2016). Syria : An outline history. Pen & Swords Books. ISBN 9781473860834. Trajan parthian war was a roman victory in a tactical sense
^ ^a ^b Clifford Ando, 2008, Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire: The Dacian Wars: "Holding on to the territory across these inhospitable swaths of desert was very hard for Trajan. Trajan found himself especially fighting in the North, Middle and South and the same time; He had overextended his resources".
^ The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical ... "The Roman emperor Hadrian, who succeeded Trajan in 117 CE, withdrew his forces from the territories they had occupied during Trajan's invasion, although Adiabene remained under Roman control".
^ Bennett, J. Trajan: Optimus Princeps. 1997. Fig. 1
^ Lightfoot (1990), 115: "Trajan succeeded in acquiring territory in these lands with a view to annexation, something which had not seriously been attempted before [...]. Although Hadrian abandoned all of Trajan's conquests [...] the trend was not to be reversed. Further wars of annexation followed under Lucius Verus and Septimius Severus". Sicker (2000), 167–168
^ ^a ^b Sicker (2000), 167
^ Sicker (2000), 167–168
^ ^a ^b Sheldon, Rose Mary (2010). Rome's Wars in Parthia: Blood in the Sand. London: Vallentine Mitchell. p. 143.

[1] Grainger, John. D. (2016). Syria : An outline history. Pen & Swords Books. ISBN 9781473860834. Trajan parthian war was a roman victory in a tactical sense

[Clifford_Ando_2008-2] Clifford Ando, 2008, Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire: The Dacian Wars: "Holding on to the territory across these inhospitable swaths of desert was very hard for Trajan. Trajan found himself especially fighting in the North, Middle and South and the same time; He had overextended his resources".

[3] The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical ... "The Roman emperor Hadrian, who succeeded Trajan in 117 CE, withdrew his forces from the territories they had occupied during Trajan's invasion, although Adiabene remained under Roman control".

[4] Bennett, J. Trajan: Optimus Princeps. 1997. Fig. 1

[Lightfoot_1990-5] Lightfoot (1990), 115: "Trajan succeeded in acquiring territory in these lands with a view to annexation, something which had not seriously been attempted before [...]. Although Hadrian abandoned all of Trajan's conquests [...] the trend was not to be reversed. Further wars of annexation followed under Lucius Verus and Septimius Severus". Sicker (2000), 167–168

[S167-6] Sicker (2000), 167

[S168-7] Sicker (2000), 167–168

[Sheldon_2010_143-8] Sheldon, Rose Mary (2010). Rome's Wars in Parthia: Blood in the Sand. London: Vallentine Mitchell. p. 143.

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