Mulatto

Mulatto (/mjˈlæt/, /məˈlɑːt/) is a racial classification to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry. Its use is considered outdated and offensive[1] in several languages, including English and Dutch.[2] But it does not have the same associations in languages such as Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. Among Latin Americans in the US, for instance, the term can be a source of pride.[3][4][5] A mulatta (Spanish: mulata) is a female mulatto.[6][7]

Countries with the highest percentages of multi-racials who specifically have equally high European and African ancestry — Mulatto, are Dominican Republic (74%)[8][9] and Cape Verde (71%).[10][11][12][13][14] Mulattos in many Latin American countries, aside from predominately European and African ancestry, usually also have slight indigenous admixture. "Race-mixing" has been strong in Latin America for centuries, since the start of the colonial period in many cases. Many Latin American multiracial families (including mulatto) have been mixed for several generations. In the 21st century, multiracials now frequently have unions and marriages with other multiracials. Other countries and territories with notable mulatto populations in percentage and/or total number include Cuba,[15] Puerto Rico,[16] Venezuela,[17] Panama,[18] Colombia,[19] South Africa,[20] Curaçao,[21][22] and the United States.[23]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Beck1975 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ “Is 'mulat' taboe?”. trouw.nl
  3. ^ Quote: In English and among many African Americans, the term "mulatto" carries offensive connotations. In Spanish and Portuguese, however, and among U.S. Latinos/as and Latin Americans, the term mulato/a (so spelled) not only does not carry an offensive connotation but has become a sign of pride and identity. (in "Grace and Humanness: Theological Reflections Because of Culture by Orlando O. Esp, Orbis Books, 2007)
  4. ^ "Mulatto". Lexico Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  5. ^ "Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  6. ^ "Mulatta definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  7. ^ "mulato | Traducción de MULATTO al inglés por Oxford Dictionary en Lexico.com y también el significado de MULATTO en español". Lexico Dictionaries (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  8. ^ "Ethnic Groups Of The Dominican Republic". WorldAtlas. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  9. ^ Montinaro, Francesco; Busby, George B.J.; Pascali, Vincenzo L.; Myers, Simon; Hellenthal, Garrett; Capelli, Cristian (24 March 2015). "Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations". Nature Communications. 6: 6596. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6596M. doi:10.1038/ncomms7596. PMC 4374169. PMID 25803618.
  10. ^ "Ethnic Groups Of Cape Verde". WorldAtlas. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  11. ^ Barker, Jean E. (12 September 2012). "Cape Verdean-Americans: A Historical Perspective of Ethnicity and Race". Trotter Review. 10 (1). Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Cabo Verde | Culture, Facts & Travel | - CountryReports". www.countryreports.org. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  13. ^ "Cabo Verde - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  14. ^ Fisher, Gene A.; Model, Suzanne (2012). "Cape Verdean identity in a land of Black and White". Ethnicities. 12 (3): 354–379. doi:10.1177/1468796811419599. S2CID 145341841.
  15. ^ Latin American Country Profiles latinostories.com
  16. ^ Genographic Project DNA Results Reveal Details of Puerto Rican History nationalgeographic.org 25 July 2014
  17. ^ Nacional ine.gob.ve
  18. ^ "Panama". Central Intelligence Agency. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via CIA.gov.
  19. ^ "Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018". Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  20. ^ Stats[dead link]
  21. ^ "Curacao". Central Intelligence Agency. 6 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via CIA.gov.
  22. ^ Curacao, U. S. Consulate in (17 November 2022). "History of Curacao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba". U.S. Consulate General in Curacao. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  23. ^ Bodenhorn, Howard (2002). The Complexion Gap: The Economic Consequences of Color among Free African Americans in the Rural Antebellum South (Report). Cambridge, MA. doi:10.3386/w8957.

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