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 Yogi Bhajan at Khalsa Women's Training Camp, New Mexico | |
| Abbreviation | 3HO |
|---|---|
| Formation | 13 July 1969 Los Angeles, United States |
| Founder | Yogi Bhajan |
| Type | Religious organisation |
| Headquarters | Espanola, New Mexico |
| Origins | Kundalini Yoga |
Area served | Worldwide |
| Affiliations | Sikh Dharma International, Yogi Tea, Akal Security |
| Website | www |
| Part of a series on |
| Sikhism |
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3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization), also known as Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere or Sikh Dharma International, is a controversial American organization founded in 1969 by Harbhajan Singh Khalsa, also called "Yogi Bhajan".[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][excessive citations] Its adherents are popularly referred to as the Sikh Dharma Brotherhood.[10] While referred to as the 3HO movement, "3HO" is strictly speaking the name only of the movement's educational branch.[8][11] Scholars have defined 3HO as a new religious movement.[12][13]
- ^ "3HO History and Timeline". 3HO International. Retrieved 2022-11-22.
1969 - Yogi Bhajan's first recorded Kundalini Yoga class takes place in Los Angeles, California. Interest in his teachings grows exponentially and he begins to offer more classes and public events. 3HO (the Healthy, Happy, Holy Foundation) is established by Yogi Bhajan, dedicated to promoting a conscious lifestyle of elevation, awareness, and total health.
- ^ "The Disturbing Mainstream Connections of Yogi Bhajan". HuffPost.
Members of Yogi Bhajan's group claim to be Sikhs. However, according to mainstream members of the religion, by adhering to the doctrine of Yogi Bhajan, they are violating more traditional Sikh teachings. Yogi Bhajan's teachings are closer to a synthesis of Kundalini yoga, tantric and New Age practices than anything originating from Sikh teachings.
- ^ "Before the sudden death of its leader, Ra Ma Yoga Institute was accused by some former members of being a cult. What happens now?". Insider.
Kundalini yoga was brought to the US in the 1960s by Yogi Bhajan, who died in 2004. It offered codes to live by, and Bhajan's followers — largely white ex-hippies — were thirsty for enlightenment. They called themselves "American Sikhs," though the practice had nothing to do with actual Sikhism.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
timewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "The Second Coming of Guru Jagat". Vanity Fair.
- ^ "Yogi Bhajan Turned an L.A. Yoga Studio into a Juggernaut, and Left Two Generations of Followers Reeling from Alleged Abuse". Los Angeles Magazine.
Bhajan was a controversial figure among South Asian Sikhs, who noted that he picked up some aspects of their faith while abandoning others. For one, Sikhs aren't vegetarian, their religion does not include yoga, they do not revere living gurus. And they don't wear white.
- ^ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-0-19-106277-3.
- ^ a b Sects in Sikhism, Encyclopedia Britannica
- ^ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 8, 358, 515–522. ISBN 978-0-19-100411-7.
- ^ a b Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). Sikhism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 9–14. ISBN 978-1-4381-0647-2.
- ^ a b Opinderjit Kaur Takhar (2016). Sikh Identity: An Exploration of Groups Among Sikhs. Taylor & Francis. pp. 161–168. ISBN 978-1-351-90010-2.
- ^ Lewis, James R. (2011). Violence and New Religious Movements. Oxford University Press. pp. 3-5. ISBN 978-0199735631
- ^ Chryssides, George D. (2012). Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Scarecrow Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0810861947
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