History of New Zealand

Part of a series on the
History of New Zealand
Timeline
General topics
Antarctic Capital city Economic Education Environment Māori Military Natural Political Voting Postal Rail transport
Prior to 1800
Natural history Archaeology
19th century
European settlers New Zealand Company Musket Wars Treaty of Waitangi British colony New Zealand Wars Land confiscations The Vogel Era Temperance movement Women's suffrage
Stages of independence
Responsible government Dominion status Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947
World Wars
World War I World War II
Post-war and contemporary history
Wool boom Māori protest movement Think Big Rogernomics Nuclear-free zone Foreshore and seabed controversy Christchurch national crises 2010 and 2011 earthquakes 2019 mosque massacre COVID-19 pandemic
See also
Bibliography List of years in New Zealand
New Zealand portal
v t e

Part of a series on the
Culture of New Zealand
Kiwiana
History Timeline Independence Colonial Pākehā settlers Pākehā Māori Dominion Māori Military
People "Kiwi" Māori culture
Languages English Māori NZ Sign Language
Traditions Humour Māori mythology
Cuisine Alcohol Dishes Hāngī
Festivals Music festivals
Religion Christianity Māori religion
Art Architecture Māori art
Literature Māori poetry
Music and performing arts Kapa haka
Media Radio Television Cinema
Sport Sportspeople Cricket Cycling Football Netball Rugby league Rugby union
Monuments World Heritage Sites Heritage New Zealand
Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem National anthems
Organisations Museums and art galleries
New Zealand portal
v t e

The human history of New Zealand can be dated back to between 1320 and 1350 CE, when the main settlement period started, after it was discovered and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Māori culture. Like other Pacific cultures, Māori society was centred on kinship links and connection with the land but, unlike them, it was adapted to a cool, temperate environment rather than a warm, tropical one. The first European explorer known to have visited New Zealand was the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman, on 13 December 1642.^[1] In 1643 he charted the west coast of the North Island, his expedition then sailed back to Batavia without setting foot on New Zealand soil. British explorer James Cook, who reached New Zealand in October 1769 on the first of his three voyages, was the first European to circumnavigate and map New Zealand.^[2] From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers.

On 6 February 1840, the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between representatives of the United Kingdom and various Māori chiefs, initially at Waitangi and over the following weeks at other locations across the country. On 21 May 1840, New Zealand entered the British Empire when Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson proclaimed British sovereignty at Kororareka (Russell). Disputes over the differing versions of the Treaty and settler desire to acquire land from Māori led to the New Zealand Wars from 1843. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the 19th century and into the early part of the next century. The effects of European infectious diseases,^[3] the New Zealand Wars, and the imposition of a European economic and legal system led to most of New Zealand's land passing from Māori to European (Pākehā) ownership, and Māori became impoverished.

The colony gained responsible government in the 1850s. From the 1890s the New Zealand Parliament enacted a number of progressive initiatives, including women's suffrage and old age pensions. After becoming a self-governing Dominion with the British Empire in 1907, the country remained an enthusiastic member of the empire, and over 100,000 New Zealanders fought in World War I as part of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. After the war, New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles (1919), joined the League of Nations, and pursued an independent foreign policy, while its defence was still controlled by Britain. When World War II broke out in 1939, New Zealand contributed to the defence of Britain and the Pacific War; the country contributed some 120,000 troops. From the 1930s the economy was highly regulated and an extensive welfare state was developed. From the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers, and Māori culture underwent a renaissance. This led to the development of a Māori protest movement, which in turn led to greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi in the late 20th century.

The country's economy suffered in the aftermath of the 1973 global energy crisis, the loss of New Zealand's biggest export market upon Britain's entry to the European Economic Community, and rampant inflation. In 1984, the Fourth Labour Government was elected amid a constitutional and economic crisis. The interventionist policies of the Third National Government were replaced by Rogernomics, a commitment to a free market economy. Foreign policy after 1984 became more independent, especially in pushing for a nuclear-free zone. Subsequent governments have generally maintained these policies, although tempering the free market ethos somewhat.