History of manga

Image of bathers from the *Hokusai manga*

Manga, in the sense of narrative multi-panel cartoons made in Japan, originated from Euro-American-style cartoons featured in late 19th-century Japanese publications.^[1] The form of manga as speech-balloon-based comics more specifically originated from translations of American comic strips in the 1920s; several early examples of such manga read left-to-right, with the longest-running pre-1945 manga being the Japanese translation of the American comic strip Bringing Up Father.^[2] The term manga first came into usage in the late 18th century, though it only came to refer to various forms of cartooning in the 1890s and did not become a common word until around 1920.

Historians and writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. Their views differ in the relative importance they attribute to the role of cultural and historical events following World War II versus the role of pre-war, Meiji, and pre-Meiji Japanese culture and art. One view, represented by other writers such as Frederik L. Schodt, Kinko Ito, and Adam L. Kern, stresses continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions, including the latter three eras;^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] the other view states that, during and after the occupation of Japan by the allies (1945–1952), manga was strongly shaped by the Americans' cultural influences, including comics brought to Japan by the GIs, and by images and themes from U.S. television, film, and cartoons (especially Disney).^[7]^[3] According to Sharon Kinsella, the booming Japanese publishing industry helped create a consumer-oriented society in which publishing giants like Kodansha could shape popular tastes.^[7]

^ Suzuki, Shige (CJ) and Ronald Stewart (September 22, 2022). Manga: A Critical Guide. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781350072367. Retrieved September 27, 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Exner, Eike (November 12, 2021). Comics and the Origins of Manga: a Revisionist History. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9781978827233. Retrieved September 27, 2022 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b Schodt (1986)
^ Cite error: The named reference Ito 2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Kern 2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Kern 2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Kinsella, Sharon 2000. Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2318-4.

[1] Suzuki, Shige (CJ) and Ronald Stewart (September 22, 2022). Manga: A Critical Guide. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781350072367. Retrieved September 27, 2022 – via Google Books.

[2] Exner, Eike (November 12, 2021). Comics and the Origins of Manga: a Revisionist History. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9781978827233. Retrieved September 27, 2022 – via Google Books.

[Schodt_1986-3] Schodt (1986)

[Ito_2004-4] Cite error: The named reference Ito 2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Kern_2006-5] Cite error: The named reference Kern 2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Kern_2007-6] Cite error: The named reference Kern 2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Kinsella-7] Kinsella, Sharon 2000. Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2318-4.

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