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Krishna

This article is about the Hindu deity. For other uses, see Krishna (disambiguation).
"Krsna" redirects here. For other uses, see Krsna (disambiguation).

Krishna
God of Protection, Compassion, Tenderness, and Love,[1] Lord of Yogis[2][3]
Svayam Bhagavan (Krishnaism-Vaishnavism)
Member of Dashavatara
Statue of Krishna at Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore
Other namesAchyuta, Damodara, Gopala, Gopinath, Govinda, Keshava, Madhava, Radha Ramana, Vāsudeva
Devanagariकृष्ण
Sanskrit transliterationKṛṣṇa
Affiliation
Abode
Mantra
Weapon
BattlesKurukshetra War (Mahabharata)
DayWednesday
MountGaruda
Texts
GenderMale
Festivals
Personal information
Avatar birthMathura, Surasena (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)[6]
Avatar endBhalka, Saurashtra (present-day Veraval, Gujarat, India)[7]
Parents
Siblings
Consorts
[note 2]
Children
[note 1]
DynastyYaduvamsha-Chandravamsha
Dashavatara Sequence
PredecessorRama
SuccessorBuddha
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Krishna (/ˈkrɪʃnə/;[12] Sanskrit: कृष्ण, IAST: Kṛṣṇa [ˈkr̩ʂɳɐ]) is a major deity in Hinduism. He is worshipped as the eighth avatar of Vishnu and also as the Supreme God in his own right.[13] He is the god of protection, compassion, tenderness, and love;[14][1] and is widely revered among Hindu divinities.[15] Krishna's birthday is celebrated every year by Hindus on Krishna Janmashtami according to the lunisolar Hindu calendar, which falls in late August or early September of the Gregorian calendar.[16][17][18]

The anecdotes and narratives of Krishna's life are generally titled as Krishna Līlā. He is a central figure in the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, and the Bhagavad Gita, and is mentioned in many Hindu philosophical, theological, and mythological texts.[19] They portray him in various perspectives: as a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero, and the universal supreme being.[20] His iconography reflects these legends and shows him in different stages of his life, such as an infant eating butter, a young boy playing a flute, a young boy with Radha or surrounded by female devotees, or a friendly charioteer giving counsel to Arjuna.[21]

The name and synonyms of Krishna have been traced to 1st millennium BCE literature and cults.[22] In some sub-traditions, like Krishnaism, Krishna is worshipped as the Supreme God and Svayam Bhagavan (God Himself). These sub-traditions arose in the context of the medieval era Bhakti movement.[23][24] Krishna-related literature has inspired numerous performance arts such as Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Odissi, and Manipuri dance.[25][26] He is a pan-Hindu god, but is particularly revered in some locations, such as Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh,[27] Dwarka and Junagadh in Gujarat; the Jagannatha aspect in Odisha, Mayapur in West Bengal;[23][28][29] in the form of Vithoba in Pandharpur, Maharashtra, Shrinathji at Nathdwara in Rajasthan,[23][30] Udupi Krishna in Karnataka,[31] Parthasarathy in Tamil Nadu and in Aranmula, Kerala, and Guruvayoorappan in Guruvayoor in Kerala.[32] Since the 1960s, the worship of Krishna has also spread to the Western world and to Africa, largely due to the work of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON).[33]

  1. ^ a b Bryant & Ekstrand 2004, pp. 20–25, quote: "Three Dimensions of Krishna's Divinity (...) divine majesty and supremacy, (...) divine tenderness and intimacy, (...) compassion and protection., (..., p. 24) Krishna as the God of Love".
  2. ^ Swami Sivananda (1964). Sri Krishna. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 4.
  3. ^ "Krishna the Yogeshwara". The Hindu. 12 September 2014.
  4. ^ Bryant 2007, p. 114.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference KK was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Raychaudhuri 1972, p. 124
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference eck380 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Naravane, Vishwanath S. (1987). A Companion to Indian Mythology: Hindu, Buddhist & Jaina. Thinker's Library, Technical Publishing House.
  9. ^ Sinha, Purnendu Narayana (1950). A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 978-1-4655-2506-2.
  10. ^ a b John Stratton Hawley, Donna Marie Wulff (1982). The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-89581-102-8.
  11. ^ Bryant 2007, p. 443.
  12. ^ "Krishna". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  13. ^ "Krishna". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 June 2023.
  14. ^ Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1993). Ineffability: The Failure of Words in Philosophy and Religion. State University of New York Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-7914-1347-0.
  15. ^ Freda Matchett (2001). Krishna, Lord Or Avatara?. Psychology Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-7007-1281-6.
  16. ^ "Krishna". World History Encyclopedia.
  17. ^ "Krishna Janmashtami". International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
  18. ^ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 314–315. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
  19. ^ Richard Thompson, Ph.D. (December 1994). "Reflections on the Relation Between Religion and Modern Rationalism". Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
  20. ^ Mahony, W. K. (1987). "Perspectives on Krsna's Various Personalities". History of Religions. 26 (3): 333–335. doi:10.1086/463085. JSTOR 1062381. S2CID 164194548. Quote: "Krsna's various appearances as a divine hero, alluring god child, cosmic prankster, perfect lover, and universal supreme being (...)".
  21. ^ Knott 2000, pp. 15, 36, 56
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cultofgopal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ a b c Hardy 1987, pp. 387–392.
  24. ^ Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231149990, pp. 185–200
  25. ^ Bryant 2007, p. 118.
  26. ^ ML Varadpande (1987), History of Indian Theatre, Vol 1, Abhinav, ISBN 978-8170172215, pp. 98–99
  27. ^ Hawley 2020.
  28. ^ Miśra 2005.
  29. ^ J. Gordon Melton (2011). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. ABC-Clio. pp. 330–331. ISBN 978-1-59884-205-0.
  30. ^ Cynthia Packert (2010). The Art of Loving Krishna: Ornamentation and Devotion. Indiana University Press. pp. 5, 70–71, 181–187. ISBN 978-0-253-22198-8.
  31. ^ Bryant 2007, p. 3.
  32. ^ Lavanya Vemsani (2016). Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1-61069-211-3.
  33. ^ Selengut, Charles (1996). "Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON". ISKCON Communications Journal. 4 (2). Archived from the original on 10 July 2012.


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