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2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria

For other Turkish military interventions in Syria, see Operation Olive Branch and Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war.

2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
Part of the Rojava conflict, Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War, and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)

  Turkish and Turkish-backed opposition control
  SDF control
For a more detailed, up-to-date, interactive map, see here.
DateMain combat phase:
9–17 October 2019[9]
(1 week and 1 day)
Post-ceasefire operations:
18 October – 25 November 2019[10][11]
(1 month and 1 week)
Location
Aleppo, Hasakah, and Raqqa governorates, Syria
Result

Turkish and SNA victory[12]

  • 120-hour (5-day) ceasefire, announced by the US and Turkey on 17 October 2019, was partially rejected by the SDF,[13] later on 22 October 2019, Russia and Turkey signed memorandum of understanding, ceasefire extended by 150 hours, and later made permanent[14][15]
Territorial
changes
  • Turkish Armed Forces, Syrian National Army and their allies capture an area of 4,820 square kilometres (1,860 sq mi),[16] with 600 settlements,[17] including Ras al-Ayn, Tell Abyad, Manajir, Suluk, Mabrouka and cut the M4 highway[18][19]
  • Syrian Army reinforcements move through Raqqa, Manbij, Al-Tabqah, Kobani, Ayn Issa and Tell Tamer, to be stationed along the Turkish border. [20][21][22][23][24]
  • U.S. Armed Forces completely withdraw from Aleppo and Raqqa governorates and partially withdraw from Hasakah Governorate of Syria;[25][26][27] remain in Deir ez-Zor Governorate[28]
    • Belligerents
     Turkey
    Syrian Interim Government[1][2][3]    		 Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria[4][5]
    International Freedom Battalion[6]
     Syria (from 13 October 2019)[7][8]
    Commanders and leaders
    Hulusi Akar
    (Minister of National Defence)
    Gen. Yaşar Güler
    (Chief of the General Staff)[29]
    Brig. Gen. İdris Acartürk[30]
    (7th Commando Brigade Commander)
    Hakan Fidan[31]
    (MİT Chief)
    Maj. Gen. Salim Idris
    (Minister of Defence)
    Maj. Gen. Abu Bakr Sayf
    (Hamza Division Commander)[32]
    Lt. Abdullah Halawa[33]
    (Hamza Division Commander)
    Abu Hatim Sharqa
    (Leader of Ahrar al-Sharqiya)[34]
    Abu Hafs Al-Gharbi  †
    (Commander of Ahrar Al-Sharqiyah)[35]    		 Mazloum Abdi
    (Commander-in-Chief of Syrian Democratic Forces)
    Riad Khamis al-Khalaf
    (Tal Abyad Military Council Commander)[36]
    Imad Meno
    (Serê Kaniyê Military Council Commander)[37]
    Tolhildan Zagros †
    (HAT commander)[38]
    Syria Maj. Gen. Sharif Ahmed  (WIA)[39][40]
    (Hasakah Province commander)
    Syria Brig. Gen. Aqil Juma'a[39]
    (106th Brigade commander)
    Syria Col. Munif Mansour  (WIA)[40]
    (79th Battalion commander)[39]
    Units involved
    See order of battle See order of battle
    Strength
    Turkey 15,000[41]
    14,000[42][43]    		 Unknown
    c. 4,000–10,000[39]
    Casualties and losses

    Per SOHR:[44]
    355 killed
    11 killed

    Per Turkey:
    251 killed, 760 wounded, 1 missing[45]
    12 killed (1 non-combat),[a] 164 wounded[46]

    Per SOHR:[44]
    445 killed
    29 killed

    Per SDF:
    508 killed, 1,547 wounded, 73 captured[47]
    Syria 25 killed[48]

    Per Turkey:
    1,313 killed or captured[49]
    146 civilians killed in Syria by TAF and SNA[16] and 1 civilian killed in Syria by SDF (per SOHR)[50]
    73 civilians killed in Syria by SDF (per Turkey)[51][52][53][54][55][56]
    522 civilians killed in Syria by Turkey (per SDF)[47]
    22 civilians killed in Turkey by SDF shelling (per Turkey)[57]
    300,000+ civilians displaced (per SOHR)[58][59]
    a Two additional Turkish soldiers were killed in the area of Operation Olive Branch in northwestern Syria,[60] which are counted in the toll provided by some media outlets.[61]

    The 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, code-named Operation Peace Spring (Turkish: Barış Pınarı Harekâtı) by Turkey, was a cross-border military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) and the Syrian National Army (SNA) against the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and later Syrian Arab Army (SAA) in northern Syria.

    On 6 October 2019, the Trump administration ordered American troops to withdraw from northeastern Syria, where the United States had been supporting its Kurdish allies.[62] The military operation began on 9 October 2019 when the Turkish Air Force launched airstrikes on border towns.[63] The conflict resulted in the displacement of over 300,000 people and has caused the death of more than 70 civilians in Syria and 20 civilians in Turkey.[64][65][50] Human rights violations have also been reported. Amnesty International stated that it had gathered evidence of war crimes and other violations committed by Turkey and Turkish-backed Syrian forces who are said to "have displayed a shameful disregard for civilian life, carrying out serious violations and war crimes, including summary killings and unlawful attacks that have killed and injured civilians".[66]

    According to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the operation was intended to expel the SDF—designated as a terrorist organization by Turkey "due to its ties with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)", but considered an ally against ISIL by the Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve—from the border region as well as to create a 30 km-deep (20 mi) "safe zone" in Northern Syria where some of the 3.6 million Syrian refugees in Turkey would resettle.[42] As the proposed settlement zone is heavily Kurdish demographically, this intention has been criticized as an attempt at ethnic cleansing,[67][68][69][70][71][72] a criticism rejected by the Turkish government who claimed they intended to "correct" the demographics that it alleges have been changed by the SDF.[72]

    The Turkish operation was met with mixed responses from the international community, including condemnations[73] as well as support for the operation for the settlement of refugees in Northern Syria.[74][75][76] Although Turkey claimed self-defense, according to international law experts it is an illegal use of force.[77][78][79][80] While originally acknowledging Turkey's "right to defend itself", on 15 October, Russia hardened its position against the operation and deployed troops.[81][82] Ten European nations and Canada imposed an arms embargo on Turkey, while the U.S. imposed sanctions on Turkish ministries and senior government officials in response to the offensive in Syria.[83] The Assad-led Syrian government initially criticized the SDF for the Turkish offensive, accusing it of separatism and not reconciling with the government, while at the same time also condemning the foreign invasion of Syrian territory.[84] However, a few days later, the SDF reached an agreement with the Syrian government, in which it would allow the Syrian Army to enter the SDF-held towns of Manbij and Kobanî in an attempt to defend the towns from the Turkish offensive.[85][86][87] Shortly thereafter, Syrian state broadcaster SANA announced that Syrian Army troops had started to deploy to the country's north.[88] Turkey and the SNA launched an offensive to capture Manbij on the same day.[89]

    On 17 October 2019, U.S. Vice President Mike Pence announced that the U.S. and Turkey agreed on a deal in which Turkey would agree to a five-day ceasefire in Syria in return for a complete withdrawal by the SDF from its positions on the Syria-Turkey border.[90][91] On 22 October 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reached a deal to extend the ceasefire by 150 additional hours if the SDF would move 30 kilometers away from the border, as well as from Tal Rifaat and Manbij. The terms of the deal also included joint Russian–Turkish patrols 10 kilometers into Syria from the border, except in the city of Qamishli. The new ceasefire started at 12pm local time on 23 October.[92][93] The captured area remains part of the Turkish occupation of northern Syria.

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      Turkish soldier killed by accident in N Syria
      2 soldiers killed in YPG attack in SE Turkey
      2 Turkish soldiers martyred in terrorist attacks
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    48. ^ 3 killed (16 Oct.),[2] 1 killed (17 Oct.),[3] 5 killed (9 Nov.),[4][5][6] 5 killed (10 Nov.),[7] 1 killed (11 Nov.),[8] 1 killed (15 Nov.),[9] 6 killed (21 Nov.),[10] 2 killed (2 Dec.),[11] 1 killed (3 Dec.),[12] total of 25 reported killed
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