Genocide of Indigenous peoples

The genocide of Indigenous peoples, colonial genocide,^[1] or settler genocide^[2]^[3]^{[note 1]} is the intentional elimination of Indigenous peoples as a part of the process of colonialism.^{[note 2]}

According to certain genocide experts, including Raphael Lemkin – the individual who coined the modern concept of genocide – colonization is intrinsically genocidal.^[7]^[8] Other scholars view genocide as associated with but distinct from settler colonialism.^[4]^[9] Lemkin saw genocide via colonialism as a two-stage process: (1) the destruction of the Indigenous group's way of life, followed by (2) the settlers' imposition of their way of life on the Indigenous group.^[10]^[11]

The expansion of various Western European colonial powers such as the British and Spanish empires and the subsequent establishment of colonies on Indigenous territories frequently involved acts of genocidal violence against Indigenous groups in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

The designation of specific events as genocidal is frequently controversial.^[12]^[13] Some scholars, among them Lemkin,^[7]^[14] have argued that cultural genocide, sometimes called ethnocide, should also be recognized. Others scholars contend that genocide should be thought of exclusively in physical and biological terms according to the 1948 Genocide Convention, with cultural genocide being addressed as a human rights issue.^[13]

^ Benvenuto, Jeff; Woolford, Andrew; Hinton, Alexander Laban (2014). Introduction. Jeff Benvenuto, Andrew Woolford, and Alexander Laban Hinton Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Duke University Press. doi:10.1515/9780822376149-002. ISBN 978-0-8223-7614-9. S2CID 243002850. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
^ Adhikari, Mohamed (2021). Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies. Routledge. p. Acknowledgements. ISBN 978-1-000-41177-5. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^ Anderson, E. N.; Anderson, Barbara (2020). Complying with Genocide: The Wolf You Feed. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-7936-3460-3. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^ ^a ^b Wolfe, Patrick (2006). "Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native". Journal of Genocide Research. 8 (4): 387–409. doi:10.1080/14623520601056240. S2CID 143873621.
^ Browning, Christopher R. (2022). "Yehuda Bauer, the Concepts of Holocaust and Genocide, and the Issue of Settler Colonialism". The Journal of Holocaust Research. 36 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985. ISSN 2578-5648. S2CID 246652960. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
^ Maybury-Lewis 2002, p. 45.
^ ^a ^b Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (2020), "Raphaël Lemkin: Genocide, cultural violence, and community destruction", Cultural Violence and the Destruction of Human Communities, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781351267083-3, ISBN 978-1-351-26708-3, S2CID 234701072, In a footnote, he added that genocide could equally be termed 'ethnocide', with the Greek ethno meaning 'nation'.
^ Short, Damien (2016). Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-84813-546-8. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^ Maybury-Lewis 2002, p. 48.
^ Forge 2012, p. 77.
^ Moses 2004, p. 27.
^ Hitchcock & Koperski 2008, pp. 577–82.
^ ^a ^b Novic, Elisa (20 October 2016), "The Concept of Cultural Genocide", Oxford University Press, p. 8, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198787167.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-878716-7, retrieved 17 January 2024, Doctrinal opinions can be split into two categories: those who advocate for a broader understanding of the crime, as Larry May does, and those who consider, on the basis of the 1948 Genocide Convention, that genocide should be thought of exclusively in physical and biological terms while cultural genocide should rather be addressed as a human rights issue, per William A. Schabas. {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Cultural Genocide and the Protection of Cultural Heritage". www.getty.edu. Retrieved 17 January 2024. Lemkin did refer to "cultural genocide" from time to time, and he expressed regret that certain related provisions were not retained in the Genocide Convention as it was adopted in 1948.

Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

[1] Benvenuto, Jeff; Woolford, Andrew; Hinton, Alexander Laban (2014). Introduction. Jeff Benvenuto, Andrew Woolford, and Alexander Laban Hinton Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Duke University Press. doi:10.1515/9780822376149-002. ISBN 978-0-8223-7614-9. S2CID 243002850. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

[2] Adhikari, Mohamed (2021). Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies. Routledge. p. Acknowledgements. ISBN 978-1-000-41177-5. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2022.

[3] Anderson, E. N.; Anderson, Barbara (2020). Complying with Genocide: The Wolf You Feed. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-7936-3460-3. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2022.

[Wolfe-4] Wolfe, Patrick (2006). "Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native". Journal of Genocide Research. 8 (4): 387–409. doi:10.1080/14623520601056240. S2CID 143873621.

[5] Browning, Christopher R. (2022). "Yehuda Bauer, the Concepts of Holocaust and Genocide, and the Issue of Settler Colonialism". The Journal of Holocaust Research. 36 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985. ISSN 2578-5648. S2CID 246652960. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

[FOOTNOTEMaybury-Lewis200245-7] Maybury-Lewis 2002, p. 45.

[:7-9] Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (2020), "Raphaël Lemkin: Genocide, cultural violence, and community destruction", Cultural Violence and the Destruction of Human Communities, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781351267083-3, ISBN 978-1-351-26708-3, S2CID 234701072, In a footnote, he added that genocide could equally be termed 'ethnocide', with the Greek ethno meaning 'nation'.

[10] Short, Damien (2016). Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-84813-546-8. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2022.

[FOOTNOTEMaybury-Lewis200248-11] Maybury-Lewis 2002, p. 48.

[FOOTNOTEForge201277-12] Forge 2012, p. 77.

[FOOTNOTEMoses200427-13] Moses 2004, p. 27.

[FOOTNOTEHitchcockKoperski2008577–82-14] Hitchcock & Koperski 2008, pp. 577–82.

[:8-15] Novic, Elisa (20 October 2016), "The Concept of Cultural Genocide", Oxford University Press, p. 8, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198787167.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-878716-7, retrieved 17 January 2024, Doctrinal opinions can be split into two categories: those who advocate for a broader understanding of the crime, as Larry May does, and those who consider, on the basis of the 1948 Genocide Convention, that genocide should be thought of exclusively in physical and biological terms while cultural genocide should rather be addressed as a human rights issue, per William A. Schabas. {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[16] "Cultural Genocide and the Protection of Cultural Heritage". www.getty.edu. Retrieved 17 January 2024. Lemkin did refer to "cultural genocide" from time to time, and he expressed regret that certain related provisions were not retained in the Genocide Convention as it was adopted in 1948.

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