LGBT rights opposition

LGBT rights opposition is the opposition to legal rights, proposed or enacted, for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. Laws that LGBT rights opponents may be opposed to include civil unions or partnerships, LGBT parenting and adoption, military service, access to assisted reproductive technology, and access to sex reassignment surgery and hormone replacement therapy for transgender individuals.

Organizations influential in LGBT rights opposition frequently oppose the enactment of laws making same-sex marriage legal, the passage of anti-discrimination laws aimed at curtailing anti-LGBT discrimination, including in employment and housing, the passage of anti-bullying laws to protect LGBT minors, laws decriminalizing same-gender relationships, and other LGBT rights-related laws.^[1] These groups are often religious or socially conservative in nature.^[6] Such opposition can be motivated by homophobia,^[1]^[4] transphobia,^[1]^[4] bigotry,^[7] animosity,^[9] religion,^[10] moral beliefs,^[11] political ideologies,^[12] or other reasons.

According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "natural law theory offers the most common intellectual defense for differential treatment of gays and lesbians".^[13] Dag Øistein Endsjø, Norwegian scholar and professor of Religious studies, and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief have stated that religious belief underlies most forms of LGBT rights opposition.^[14]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fetner, Tina (August 2001). "Working Anita Bryant: The Impact of Christian Anti-Gay Activism on Lesbian and Gay Movement Claims". Social Problems. 48 (3). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for the Study of Social Problems: 411–428. doi:10.1525/sp.2001.48.3.411. hdl:11375/21175. ISSN 1533-8533. S2CID 144876642.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gannon, Thomas M. (July–September 1981). "The New Christian Right in America as a Social and Political Force". Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions. 26 (52–1). Paris: Éditions de l'EHESS: 69–83. doi:10.3406/assr.1981.2226. ISSN 0335-5985. JSTOR 30125411. Archived from the original on 2018-06-02. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f McKeegan, Michele (Fall 1993). "The politics of abortion: A historical perspective". Women's Health Issues. 3 (3). Elsevier on behalf of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health: 127–131. doi:10.1016/S1049-3867(05)80245-2. ISSN 1878-4321. PMID 8274866. S2CID 36048222.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Ibrahim, Nur Amali (October 2016). "Homophobic Muslims: Emerging Trends in Multireligious Singapore". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 58 (4). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press: 955–981. doi:10.1017/S0010417516000499. ISSN 1475-2999. JSTOR 26293235. S2CID 152039212.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rehman, Javaid; Polymenopoulou, Eleni (2013). "Is Green a Part of the Rainbow? Sharia, Homosexuality, and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World" (PDF). Fordham International Law Journal. 37 (1). Fordham University School of Law: 1–53. ISSN 0747-9395. OCLC 52769025. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
^ ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
^ ^[1]^[3]^[4]
^ Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).
^ ^[1]^[3]^[4]^[8]
^ ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
^ ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
^ ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]
^ Pickett, Brent (2020). "Homosexuality". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
^ Endsjø, Dag Øistein (May 2020). "The other way around? How freedom of religion may protect LGBT rights" (PDF). The International Journal of Human Rights. 24 (10). Taylor & Francis: 1681–1700. doi:10.1080/13642987.2020.1763961. ISSN 1744-053X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022. That religious beliefs lie at the heart of most of the opposition to LGBT rights is a generally known fact. As the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief noted in 2017,
in certain States where religion has been given 'official' or privileged status, other fundamental rights of individuals – especially women, religious minorities, and members of the LGBTI community – are disproportionately restricted or vitiated under threat of sanctions as a result of obligatory observation of State-imposed religious orthodoxy.

[Fetner_2001-1] Fetner, Tina (August 2001). "Working Anita Bryant: The Impact of Christian Anti-Gay Activism on Lesbian and Gay Movement Claims". Social Problems. 48 (3). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for the Study of Social Problems: 411–428. doi:10.1525/sp.2001.48.3.411. hdl:11375/21175. ISSN 1533-8533. S2CID 144876642.

[Gannon_1981-2] Gannon, Thomas M. (July–September 1981). "The New Christian Right in America as a Social and Political Force". Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions. 26 (52–1). Paris: Éditions de l'EHESS: 69–83. doi:10.3406/assr.1981.2226. ISSN 0335-5985. JSTOR 30125411. Archived from the original on 2018-06-02. Retrieved 2022-07-07.

[McKeegan_1993-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f McKeegan, Michele (Fall 1993). "The politics of abortion: A historical perspective". Women's Health Issues. 3 (3). Elsevier on behalf of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health: 127–131. doi:10.1016/S1049-3867(05)80245-2. ISSN 1878-4321. PMID 8274866. S2CID 36048222.

[Ibrahim_2016-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Ibrahim, Nur Amali (October 2016). "Homophobic Muslims: Emerging Trends in Multireligious Singapore". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 58 (4). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press: 955–981. doi:10.1017/S0010417516000499. ISSN 1475-2999. JSTOR 26293235. S2CID 152039212.

[lawnet.fordham.edu-5] Rehman, Javaid; Polymenopoulou, Eleni (2013). "Is Green a Part of the Rainbow? Sharia, Homosexuality, and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World" (PDF). Fordham International Law Journal. 37 (1). Fordham University School of Law: 1–53. ISSN 0747-9395. OCLC 52769025. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2021.

[6] [2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

[7] [1]^[3]^[4]

[opinion-8] Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).

[9] [1]^[3]^[4]^[8]

[10] [2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

[11] [2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

[12] [2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

[Stanford-13] Pickett, Brent (2020). "Homosexuality". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.

[14] Endsjø, Dag Øistein (May 2020). "The other way around? How freedom of religion may protect LGBT rights" (PDF). The International Journal of Human Rights. 24 (10). Taylor & Francis: 1681–1700. doi:10.1080/13642987.2020.1763961. ISSN 1744-053X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022. That religious beliefs lie at the heart of most of the opposition to LGBT rights is a generally known fact. As the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief noted in 2017,
in certain States where religion has been given 'official' or privileged status, other fundamental rights of individuals – especially women, religious minorities, and members of the LGBTI community – are disproportionately restricted or vitiated under threat of sanctions as a result of obligatory observation of State-imposed religious orthodoxy.

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