Personality disorder

Personality disorders
Personality disorders
Specialty	Psychiatry; clinical psychology

Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's culture.^[1] These patterns develop early, are inflexible, and are associated with significant distress or disability. The definitions vary by source and remain a matter of controversy.^[2]^[3]^[4] Official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the sixth chapter of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Personality, defined psychologically, is the set of enduring behavioral and mental traits that distinguish individual humans. Hence, personality disorders are defined by experiences and behaviors that deviate from social norms and expectations. Those diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience difficulties in cognition, emotiveness, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control. For psychiatric patients, the prevalence of personality disorders is estimated between 40 and 60%.^[5]^[6]^[7] The behavior patterns of personality disorders are typically recognized by adolescence, the beginning of adulthood or sometimes even childhood and often have a pervasive negative impact on the quality of life.^[1]^[8]^[9]

Treatment for personality disorders is primarily psychotherapeutic. Evidence-based psychotherapies for personality disorders include cognitive behavioral therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy especially for borderline personality disorder.^[10]^[11] A variety of psychoanalytic approaches are also used.^[12]

Personality disorders are associated with considerable stigma in popular and clinical discourse alike.^[13] Despite various methodological schemas designed to categorize personality disorders, many issues occur with classifying a personality disorder because the theory and diagnosis of such disorders occur within prevailing cultural expectations; thus, their validity is contested by some experts on the basis of inevitable subjectivity. They argue that the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders are based strictly on social, or even sociopolitical and economic considerations.^[14]

^ ^a ^b American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 646–49. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
^ Magnavita JJ (2004). "Chapter 1: Classification, prevalence, and etiology of personality disorders: Related issues and controversy". Handbook of personality disorders : theory and practice. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-20116-2. OCLC 52429596.
^ Millon T, Davis RD (1996). Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-471-01186-6.
^ Berrios GE (1993). "European views on personality disorders: a conceptual history". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 34 (1): 14–30. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(93)90031-X. PMID 8425387.
^ Beckwith H, Moran PF, Reilly J (May 2014). "Personality disorder prevalence in psychiatric outpatients: a systematic literature review". Personality and Mental Health. 8 (2): 91–101. doi:10.1002/pmh.1252. PMID 24431304.
^ Tyrer P, Reed GM, Crawford MJ (February 2015). "Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder". Lancet. 385 (9969): 717–726. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61995-4. PMID 25706217. S2CID 25755526.
^ Saß H (2001). "Personality Disorders". International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: 11301–11308. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03763-3. ISBN 978-0-08-043076-8.
^ Kernberg OF (1984). Severe personality disorders : psychotherapeutic strategies. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05349-4.
^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Panos PT, Jackson JW, Hasan O, Panos A (March 2014). "Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review Assessing the Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)". Research on Social Work Practice. 24 (2): 213–223. doi:10.1177/1049731513503047. PMC 6405261. PMID 30853773.
^ Kliem S, Kröger C, Kosfelder J (December 2010). "Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 78 (6): 936–951. doi:10.1037/a0021015. PMID 21114345.
^ Budge SL, Moore JT, Del Re AC, Wampold BE, Baardseth TP, Nienhuis JB (December 2013). "The effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for personality disorders when comparing treatment-as-usual and bona fide treatments". Clinical Psychology Review. 33 (8): 1057–1066. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.003. PMID 24060812.
^ "There are few disorders that carry such a stigma as personality disorders". Helpseeker.net. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
^ McWilliams N (29 July 2011). Psychoanalytic Diagnosis, Second Edition: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process. Guilford Press. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-1-60918-494-0.

[DSM-5-general_personality_disorder-1] American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 646–49. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.

[2] Magnavita JJ (2004). "Chapter 1: Classification, prevalence, and etiology of personality disorders: Related issues and controversy". Handbook of personality disorders : theory and practice. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-20116-2. OCLC 52429596.

[millon1-3] Millon T, Davis RD (1996). Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-471-01186-6.

[4] Berrios GE (1993). "European views on personality disorders: a conceptual history". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 34 (1): 14–30. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(93)90031-X. PMID 8425387.

[5] Beckwith H, Moran PF, Reilly J (May 2014). "Personality disorder prevalence in psychiatric outpatients: a systematic literature review". Personality and Mental Health. 8 (2): 91–101. doi:10.1002/pmh.1252. PMID 24431304.

[:6-6] Tyrer P, Reed GM, Crawford MJ (February 2015). "Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder". Lancet. 385 (9969): 717–726. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61995-4. PMID 25706217. S2CID 25755526.

[7] Saß H (2001). "Personality Disorders". International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: 11301–11308. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03763-3. ISBN 978-0-08-043076-8.

[8] Kernberg OF (1984). Severe personality disorders : psychotherapeutic strategies. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05349-4.

[:1-9] Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[10] Panos PT, Jackson JW, Hasan O, Panos A (March 2014). "Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review Assessing the Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)". Research on Social Work Practice. 24 (2): 213–223. doi:10.1177/1049731513503047. PMC 6405261. PMID 30853773.

[11] Kliem S, Kröger C, Kosfelder J (December 2010). "Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis using mixed-effects modeling". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 78 (6): 936–951. doi:10.1037/a0021015. PMID 21114345.

[12] Budge SL, Moore JT, Del Re AC, Wampold BE, Baardseth TP, Nienhuis JB (December 2013). "The effectiveness of evidence-based treatments for personality disorders when comparing treatment-as-usual and bona fide treatments". Clinical Psychology Review. 33 (8): 1057–1066. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.003. PMID 24060812.

[13] "There are few disorders that carry such a stigma as personality disorders". Helpseeker.net. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2020.

[14] McWilliams N (29 July 2011). Psychoanalytic Diagnosis, Second Edition: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process. Guilford Press. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-1-60918-494-0.

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