Second Sudanese Civil War

Second Sudanese Civil War
Part of the Sudanese civil wars
Guerrilla forces of the Sudan People's Liberation Army celebrate around a disabled tank.
Date 5 June 1983 – 9 January 2005 (21 years, 7 months and 4 days) Location Blue Nile, Nuba Mountains, Southern Sudan Result Stalemate[26] Comprehensive Peace Agreement Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement Independence of the Republic of South Sudan following a 2011 referendum Unresolved issues result in the Sudan–SPLM-N conflict, and the South Sudanese Civil War
Belligerents
Sudan Armed Forces PDF Army of Peace Janjaweed Ex-FAR and Interahamwe[1] SSDF SPLA dissidents SPLA-Nasir SPLA-United[2] SSIM/A Nuer White Army Ugandan insurgents: LRA[3] WNBF[4] UNRF (II)[4]  Zaire (1994–1997)[5][6] al-Qaeda (1991–1996)[7][8][irrelevant citation]  Iraq[a]  China[b] Combat aid:  Libya (1986–1991)[12][13]  DR Congo (1998–2003) Non-combat aid:  Iran[14]  Belarus (from 1996)[15][16]	SPLA SPLA-Mainstream[2] SPLA-Agar SPDF ALF Titweng[17] SSLM NDA Sudanese Alliance Forces[18] Anyanya II Eastern Coalition Derg (until 1987)[19] PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991)[19] FDR Ethiopia (1995–1998)[8]  Eritrea (1996–1998, 2002–2005)[20]  Uganda (from 1993)[21][22] Non-combat aid:  Libya (1983–1985)[23]  Israel[24]  Cuba (until 1991)[25]
Commanders and leaders
Gaafar Nimeiry Suwar al-Dahab Sadiq al-Mahdi Omar al-Bashir Paulino Matip Nhial Tharcisse Renzaho[1] Riek Machar Lam Akol Kerubino Kuanyin Peter Par Jiek Juma Oris Joseph Kony Mobutu Sese Seko Osama bin Laden [citation needed]	John Garang Salva Kiir Mayardit Dominic Dim Deng Riek Machar Lam Akol Kerubino Kuanyin James Hoth Mai Peter Par Jiek Peter Gadet Malik Agar Mengistu Haile Mariam Meles Zenawi Isaias Afwerki Yoweri Museveni
Strength
Tens of thousands Ex-FAR: c. 500[1]	Tens of thousands
Casualties and losses
1–2.5 million dead (mostly civilians, due to starvation and drought)

The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. Although it originated in southern Sudan, the civil war spread to the Nuba mountains and the Blue Nile. It lasted for almost 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. The war resulted in the independence of South Sudan 6 years after the war ended.

Roughly two million people died as a result of war, famine and disease caused by the conflict. Four million people in southern Sudan were displaced at least once, normally repeatedly during the war. The civilian death toll is one of the highest of any war since World War II^[27] and was marked by numerous human rights violations, including slavery and mass killings.

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