COVID-19 vaccine clinical research

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COVID-19 vaccine clinical research uses clinical research to establish the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines. These characteristics include efficacy, effectiveness, and safety. As of November 2022^[update], 40 vaccines are authorized by at least one national regulatory authority for public use:^[1][2]

• one DNA vaccine: ZyCoV-D^[3]
• four RNA vaccines: Pfizer–BioNTech,^[4] Moderna,^[5] Walvax, and Gemcovac
• twelve inactivated vaccines: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,^[6][7] CoronaVac,^[6] Covaxin,^[6] CoviVac, COVIran Barekat, FAKHRAVAC, Minhai-Kangtai, QazVac, Sinopharm BIBP,^[6] WIBP, Turkovac, and VLA2001.^[6]
• six viral vector vaccines: Sputnik Light, Sputnik V, Oxford–AstraZeneca, Convidecia, Janssen, and iNCOVACC
• sixteen subunit vaccines: Abdala, Corbevax,^[6] COVAX-19, EpiVacCorona, IndoVac, MVC-COV1901,^[6] Noora, Novavax,^[6] Razi Cov Pars, Sanofi–GSK, Sinopharm CNBG, Skycovione, Soberana 02,^[6] Soberana Plus, V-01, and ZF2001.^[6]
• one virus-like particle vaccine: CoVLP^[6]

As of June 2022^[update], 353 vaccine candidates are in various stages of development, with 135 in clinical research, including 38 in phase I trials, 32 in phase I–II trials, 39 in phase III trials, and 9 in phase IV development.^[1]