Political ideology
Right-wing populism , also called national populism and right-wing nationalism ,[1] [2] [3] [a] is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics and populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establishment , and speaking to or for the "common people ". Recurring themes of right-wing populists include neo-nationalism , social conservatism , economic nationalism and fiscal conservatism .[5] Frequently, they aim to defend a national culture, identity, and economy against perceived attacks by outsiders.[6] Right-wing populism has remained the dominant political force in the Republican Party in the United States since the 2010s.[7]
Right-wing populism in the Western world is generally associated with ideologies such as anti-environmentalism ,[8] anti-globalization ,[9] [10] nativism ,[9] [11] [12] and protectionism .[13] In Europe , the term is often used to describe groups, politicians, and political parties generally known for their opposition to immigration ,[9] [14] especially from the Muslim world ,[9] [15] and for Euroscepticism .[16] Right-wing populists may support expanding the welfare state , but only for those they deem fit to receive it;[17] this concept has been referred to as "welfare chauvinism ".[18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies. Although extreme right-wing movements in the United States (where they are normally referred to as the "radical right ") are usually characterized as separate entities, some writers consider them to be a part of a broader, right-wing populist phenomenon.
Since the Great Recession ,[24] [25] [26] European right-wing populist movements such as Brothers of Italy , the League , the National Rally (formerly the National Front ), the Party for Freedom and the Forum for Democracy in the Netherlands, All for Latvia , the Finns Party , the Sweden Democrats , Danish People's Party , Vox , the Freedom Party of Austria , Law and Justice , the UK Independence Party , the Alternative for Germany and the Brexit Party began to grow in popularity,[27] [28] in large part due to increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa , rising Euroscepticism and discontent with the economic policies of the European Union .[29] American businessman and media personality Donald Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election after running on a platform that was founded on right-wing populist themes.[30]
^ Berman, Sheri (11 May 2021). "The Causes of Populism in the West" . Annual Review of Political Science . 24 (1): 71–88. doi :10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503 .
^ Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). Far-Right Politics in Europe . Harvard University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-674-97153-0 .
^ Eatwell, Roger; Goodwin, Matthew (25 October 2018). National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy . Penguin UK. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-241-31201-8 .
^ Japan's rising right-wing nationalism Vox (26 May 2017).
^ Zembylas, Michalinos. Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism .
^ Akkerman, Agnes (2003) "Populism and Democracy: Challenge or Pathology?" Acta Politica n.38, pp.147-159
^ Campani, Giovanna; Fabelo Concepción, Sunamis; Rodriguez Soler, Angel; Sánchez Savín, Claudia (December 2022). "The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse" . Societies . 12 (6): 154. doi :10.3390/soc12060154 . ISSN 2075-4698 .
^ Bierbach, Mara (26 February 2019). "Climate protection: Where do the EU's right-wing populists stand?" . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 5 June 2019 .
^ a b c d Kallis, Aristotle (2018). "Part I: Ideology and Discourse – The Radical Right and Islamophobia" . In Rydgren, Jens (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 42–60. doi :10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.3 . ISBN 978-0-19-027455-9 . LCCN 2017025436 .
^ North, Bonnie. "The Rise of Right-Wing Nationalist Political Parties in Europe" . Retrieved 24 March 2017 .
^ "Fear of Diversity Made People More Likely to Vote Trump" . The Nation . ISSN 0027-8378 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017 .
^ "The political lexicon of a billionaire populist" . Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2017 .
^ "The End of Reaganism" . POLITICO Magazine . Retrieved 24 March 2017 .
^ Sharpe, Matthew. "The metapolitical long game of the European New Right" . The Conversation . Retrieved 24 March 2017 .
^ Traub, James. "The Geert Wilders Effect and the national election in the Netherlands" . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 24 March 2017 .
^ Buruma, Ian (10 March 2017). "How the Dutch Stopped Being Decent and Dull" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 .
^ Busemeyer, Marius R.; Rathgeb, Philip; Sahm, Alexander H. J. (2 March 2021). "Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters" (PDF) . West European Politics . 45 : 77–101. doi :10.1080/01402382.2021.1886497 . hdl :20.500.11820/a79cc9ce-a4c6-499a-80a3-14089958f74f . ISSN 0140-2382 . S2CID 233843313 .
^ Busemeyer, Marius R.; Rathgeb, Philip; Sahm, Alexander H. J. (2022). "Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters" (PDF) . West European Politics . 45 (1): 77–101. doi :10.1080/01402382.2021.1886497 . hdl :20.500.11820/a79cc9ce-a4c6-499a-80a3-14089958f74f . S2CID 233843313 .
^ Enggist, Matthias; Pinggera, Michael (2022). "Radical right parties and their welfare state stances – not so blurry after all?" . West European Politics . 45 (1): 102–128. doi :10.1080/01402382.2021.1902115 . PMC 8489900 . PMID 34621097 .
^ Edsall, Thomas (16 December 2014). "The Rise of 'Welfare Chauvinism' " . New York Times . Retrieved 4 January 2015 .
^ Rippon, Haydn (4 May 2012). "The European far right: actually right? Or left? Or something altogether different?" . The Conversation . Retrieved 4 January 2015 .
^ Matlack, Carol (20 November 2013). "The Far-Left Economics of France's Far Right" . Bloomberg.com . Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2015 .
^ Judis, John B. (5 October 2016). The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics . Columbia Global Reports. ISBN 978-0-9971264-4-0 .
^ Cooper, Ryan (15 March 2017). "The Great Recession clearly gave rise to right-wing populism" . The Week . Retrieved 20 November 2017 .
^ Sarmadi, Dario (20 October 2015). "Far-right parties always gain support after financial crises, report finds" . EURACTIV . Retrieved 20 November 2017 .
^ "The map which shows how Ukip support is growing in every constituency but two" . The Independent . 15 May 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2017 .
^ Hunt, Alex (21 November 2014). "UKIP: The story of the UK Independence Party's rise" . BBC News . Retrieved 24 March 2017 .
^ Lowe, Josh; Matthews, Owen; AM, Matt McAllester On 11/23/16 at 9:02 (23 November 2016). "Why Europe's populist revolt is spreading" . Newsweek . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . {{cite web }}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link )
^ "Trump's 6 populist positions" . POLITICO . Retrieved 24 March 2017 .
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