Back Vox (partiu politico) AN فوكس (حزب سياسي) Arabic Vox (partíu políticu) AST Vox Catalan Vox (politická strana) Czech Vox (Partei) German Βοξ (πολιτικό κόμμα) Greek Vox (politika partio) Esperanto Vox (partido político) Spanish Vox (alderdi politikoa) Basque
Vox | |
|---|---|
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| President | Santiago Abascal |
| Secretary-General | Ignacio Garriga |
| Vice presidents | |
| Spokesman in Congress | Pepa Millán |
| Founded | 17 December 2013 |
| Split from | People's Party |
| Headquarters | C / Bambú 12 28036 Madrid |
| Membership (2021) |  63,468[1] |
| Ideology | Spanish unionism |
| Political position | Far-right[A][17] |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| European affiliation | European Conservatives and Reformists Party |
| European Parliament group | European Conservatives and Reformists[18] |
| Colours | Green |
| Congress of Deputies | 33 / 350 |
| Senate | 3 / 265 |
| European Parliament | 4 / 59 |
| Regional parliaments | 114 / 1,268 |
| Regional Governments | 5 / 19 |
| Mayors in Spain | 33 / 8,122 |
| Town councillors | 1,695 / 67,121 |
| Party flag | |
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| Website | |
| www | |
^ A: Vox is often considered part of the radical right, a subset of the far-right that does not oppose democracy.[4][19][20][21] | |
Vox (Spanish pronunciation: [boɣs]; Latin for 'voice'; often stylized in all caps) is a national conservative[22] political party in Spain. Founded in 2013, it is currently led by party president Santiago Abascal, vice presidents Jorge Buxadé, Javier Ortega Smith, Reyes Romero, and secretary-general Ignacio Garriga.[23] Vox identifies itself as right-wing but has been described as far-right by academics and journalists.[16]
The party entered the Spanish parliament for the first time after winning seats in the April 2019 general election. Later that year, it received 3.6 million votes in the November 2019 general election, winning 52 seats and becoming the third-largest party in the Congress of Deputies. Its public support reached its peak within the next few years, according to the results of subsequent regional elections and opinion polling, but in the 2023 Spanish general election showed worse results: a loss of 19 seats in parliament (albeit whilst remaining the third-largest political party in Spain with roughly 3 million votes). In the European Parliament, Vox is part of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party with Brothers of Italy and Law and Justice; it declined to join the Identity and Democracy group (which includes far-right parties such as the National Rally, League, and Alternative for Germany).
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
vox-cuentas-2021was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Fredrik Engelstad; Trygve Gulbrandsen (7 October 2019). Elites and People: Challenges to Democracy. Comparative Social Research. p. 199. ISBN 978-1838679156.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
casals20190119was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Acha, Beatriz (6 January 2019). "No, no es un partido (neo)fascista". Agenda Pública.
- ^ Antón-Mellón, Joan (29 April 2019). "Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal". Agenda Pública. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
- ^ [2][3][4][5]
- ^ Jones & Hedberg 2023, p. 163: "Vox (national-conservative)"
- ^ Rama, José; J. Turnbull-Dugarte, Stuart; Santana, Andrés (30 July 2020). "Who are Vox, and who are their voters?". The London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ Guy Hedgecoe (11 November 2019). "Spanish elections: How the far-right Vox party found its footing". BBC News.
- ^ Lebourg & Camus 2020, p. 275: "A la cuestión táctica se agrega un problema de concepción de la nación que muestra lo difícil que resulta unir al total de los nacionalistas, porque, así como Marine Le Pen intentó seducir a los diputados de VOX, estos, que son partidarios del centralismo nacional, prefirieron la coherencia ideológica cuando decidieron no adherirse a un grupo que incluye a los Vlaams Belang"
- ^ Gray 2020: "The ideological centralism of Vox, which was first founded back in 2013 by disillusioned members of the PP, is one part of an agenda also characterised by ultra-social conservatism and anti-immigrationism"
- ^ Sweeney 2023: "Vox is nativist and nationalist, and vehemently opposes regionalism or the independence aspirations of Catalonia, for example"
- ^ "Spanish election: victory for Socialists as VOX surge fragments right-wing vote". Yahoo News. 29 April 2019.
- ^ "Factbox: The rise of Spain's far-right - Vox becomes third-biggest party". Reuters. 10 November 2019.
- ^ "Far-right claims first victories in Spain since Franco era". Axios. 5 December 2018.
- ^ a b
- Arroyo Menéndez 2020: "To the extent that VOX fits with the concepts and theoretical explanations about radical right-wing parties and authoritarian populists, we would have a prior set of variables and factors that could explain the vote for this party."
- Cabezas, Marta (1 January 2022). "Silencing Feminism? Gender and the Rise of the Nationalist Far Right in Spain". Signs. 47 (2). Chicago: 319–345. doi:10.1086/716858. hdl:10486/705756. S2CID 244923080.
the nationalist far-right party Vox
- García Rada, Aser (15 January 2021). "Spain will become the sixth country worldwide to allow euthanasia and assisted suicide". British Medical Journal. 372.
the far right Vox opposed the law
- Wheeler, Duncan (2020). "Vox in the Age of COVID-19: The Populist Protest Turn in Spanish Politics". Journal of International Affairs. 73 (2). New York City: 173–184.
This provided an opportunity for Vox, a far-right populist party
- Mudde, Cas (2019). The Far Right Today. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 40, 41, 174. ISBN 978-1-5095-3685-6.
- Ferreira 2019, p. 73
- Mudde, Cas (12 November 2019). "Nativism is driving the far-right surge in Europe – and it is here to stay". The Guardian.
- Gould, Robert (2019). "Vox España and Alternative für Deutschland: Propagating the Crisis of National Identity". Genealogy. 3 (4): 64. doi:10.3390/genealogy3040064.
- Ribera Payá, Pablo; Díaz Martínez, José Ignacio (16 July 2020). "The end of the Spanish exception: the far right in the Spanish Parliament". European Politics and Society. 22 (3): 410–434. doi:10.1080/23745118.2020.1793513. S2CID 225618005.
- ^ [13][14][15][16]
- ^ "Vox compartirá grupo en la Eurocámara con el partido que apoyó a Puigdemont". elperiodico. Europa Press. 13 June 2019.
- ^ Turnbull-Dugarte 2019.
- ^ Ferreira 2019.
- ^ Mendes, Mariana S.; Dennison, James (19 June 2020). "Explaining the emergence of the radical right in Spain and Portugal: salience, stigma and supply". West European Politics. 44 (4): 752–775. doi:10.1080/01402382.2020.1777504. S2CID 225650718.
- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Spain". Parties and Elections in Europe.
- ^ "Comité Ejecutivo Nacional". Vox España. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
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