Bisbee Deportation

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Bisbee Deportation
Striking miners and others being deported from Bisbee on the morning of July 12, 1917. The men are boarding the cattle cars provided by the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad.
Date	July 12, 1917
Location	Bisbee, Arizona Jerome, Arizona
Goals	Union organizing
Methods	Strikes, protest, demonstrations
Resulted in	~1,300 miners deported from Arizona
Parties
International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers; Industrial Workers of the World Phelps Dodge Corporation; Sherriff's deputies
Lead figures
Charles Moyer A. S. Embree Walter S. Douglas,(President of the Phelps Dodge Copper Queen Mine) John C. Greenway (General Manager of The Calumet and Arizona Mining Company of Warren), Lemuel C. Shattuck (Owner and General Manager of the Shattuck-Denn Mine) Harry C. Wheeler
Number
2,000 protesters 2,200
Casualties and losses
Deaths: 1 Injuries: Arrests: 1,300+ Deaths: 1 Injuries:

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The Bisbee Deportation was the illegal kidnapping and deportation of about 1,300 striking mine workers, their supporters, and citizen bystanders by 2,000 members of a deputized posse, who arrested them beginning on July 12, 1917, in Bisbee, Arizona. The action was orchestrated by Phelps Dodge, the major mining company in the area, which provided lists of workers and others who were to be arrested to the Cochise County sheriff, Harry C. Wheeler. Those arrested were taken to a local baseball park before being loaded onto cattle cars and deported 200 miles (320 km) to Tres Hermanas in New Mexico. The 16-hour journey was through desert without food and with little water. Once unloaded, the deportees, most without money or transportation, were warned against returning to Bisbee. The US government soon brought in members of the US Army to assist with relocating the deportees to Columbus, New Mexico.

As Phelps Dodge, in collusion with the sheriff, had closed down access to outside communications, it was some time before the story was reported. The company presented their action as reducing threats to United States interests in World War I in Europe, largely because the wartime demand for copper was heavy. The Governor of New Mexico, in consultation with President Woodrow Wilson, provided temporary housing for the deportees. A presidential mediation commission investigated the actions in November 1917, and in its final report, described the deportation as "wholly illegal and without authority in law, either State or Federal."^[1] Nevertheless, no individual, company, or agency was ever convicted in connection with the deportations. Arizona and Cochise County never prosecuted the case, and in United States v. Wheeler (1920), the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution by itself does not give the federal government the power to stop kidnappings, even ones involving moving abductees across state lines on federally-regulated railroads.