Back حل الدولتين Arabic Solució de dos estats Catalan چارەسەری دوو دەوڵەت CKB Dvoustátní řešení Czech To-stats-løsning Danish Zweistaatenlösung German Λύση των δύο κρατών (Ισραήλ-Παλαιστίνη) Greek Duŝtata solvo Esperanto Solución de dos Estados Spanish Kahe riigi lahendus Estonian
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| Part of a series on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict |
| Israeli–Palestinian peace process |
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The two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict proposes to resolve the conflict by establishing two nation states in former Mandatory Palestine. The implementation of a two-state solution would involve the establishment of an independent State of Palestine alongside the State of Israel.
The first proposal for a separate Jewish and Arab states in the territory was made by the British Peel Commission report in 1937. In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a partition plan for Palestine, leading to the 1948 Palestine war.[1][2] As a result, the Israel was established on the area the United Nations had proposed for the Jewish state, as well as almost 60% of the area proposed for the Arab state. Israel also took control of West Jerusalem, which was meant to be part of an international zone. Transjordan took control of East Jerusalem and what became known as the West Bank, annexing it the following year. The territory which became the Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt but never annexed. In the aftermath of the 1967 Six-Day War, both the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip were militarily occupied by Israel, becoming known as the Palestinian territories.
The leadership of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation has accepted in principle the concept of a two-state solution since the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez,[3] having previously turned down such proposals since 1937. In 2017, Hamas announced their revised charter, which claims to accept the idea of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, but without recognising the statehood of Israel, referring to it as "the Zionist entity".[4]
Recent diplomatic efforts have centred around realizing a two-state solution, starting from the failed 2000 Camp David Summit and the Clinton Parameters, followed by the Taba negotiations in early 2001. The failure of the Camp David summit to reach an agreed two-state solution formed the backdrop to the commencement of the Second Intifada, the violent consequences of which led to a hardening of attitudes among the Israeli public towards the question of a Palestinian state and marked a turning point among both peoples’ attitudes.[5][6][7] A two-state solution also formed the basis of the Arab Peace Initiative, the 2006–2008 peace offer, and the 2013–14 peace talks. Despite the failure of these efforts, international consensus has for decades supported a two-state solution to the conflict.[8]
The major points of contention include the specific boundaries of the two states (though most proposals are based on the 1967 lines), the status of Jerusalem, the Israeli settlements and the right of return of Palestinian refugees. Observers have described the current situation in the whole territory, with the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and blockade of the Gaza Strip, as one of de facto Israeli sovereignty.[9][10] The two-state solution is an alternative to the one-state solution and what observers consider a de facto one-state reality.[11][12][13]
- ^ Sabel, Robbie, ed. (2022), "The 1947 Partition Plan", International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–101, doi:10.1017/9781108762670.006, ISBN 978-1-108-48684-2, retrieved 2023-10-31
- ^ The Question of Palestine and the UN, "The Jewish Agency accepted the resolution despite its dissatisfaction over such matters as Jewish emigration from Europe and the territorial limits set on the proposed Jewish State."
- ^ Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana State University. p. 718. ISBN 978-0253208736.
- ^ "Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders". Al Jazeera. 2 May 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
- ^ Palti, Zohar (2023-09-08). "The Implications of the Second Intifada on Israeli Views of Oslo". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
- ^ "Background & Overview of 2000 Camp David Summit". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
- ^ "Second Intifada". Makan. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
The Second Intifada starkly demonstrated the failure of years of negotiations, and marked a turning point in both internal Israeli and Palestinian politics.
- ^ Lynch, Marc; Telhami, Shibley (19 February 2021). "Biden says he will listen to experts. Here is what scholars of the Middle East think". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- ^ Iraqi, Amjad (2021-01-12). "Why B'Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime, from the river to the sea". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ "B'Tselem (Document): A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid". Institute for Palestine Studies. January 12, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
- ^ Iraqi, Amjad (2021-01-12). "Why B'Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime, from the river to the sea". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
- ^ "B'Tselem (Document): A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid". Institute for Palestine Studies. January 12, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
- ^ Barnett, Michael; Brown, Nathan; Lynch, Marc; Telhami, Shibley (2023-04-14). "Israel's One-State Reality". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 102, no. 3. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
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