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Circassian diaspora

Circassians
Адыгэхэр (Adyghe)
Адыгэхэр (Kabardian)
Circassian flag
Map of the Circassian diaspora
Total population
c. 5.3 million
Regions with significant populations
Turkey Turkey2,000,000–3,000,000[1][2][3]
 Russia751,487[4]
Jordan Jordan250,000[5][3]
Syria Syria80,000–120,000[3][6][7][8][9]
Egypt Egypt50,000[citation needed]
Germany Germany40,000[3][10]
Libya Libya35,000[11]
Iraq Iraq34,000[12]
United States United States25,000[12][better source needed]
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia23,000[citation needed]
Iran Iran5,000–50,000[13]
Israel Israel4,000–5,000[14][15][16]
 Uzbekistan1,257[17]
 Ukraine1,001[18]
 Poland1,000[19][20][21]
 Netherlands500[22]
 Canada400[23]
 Belarus116[24]
 Turkmenistan54[25]
Languages
Native:
West Circassian, East Circassian
Diaspora:
Turkish, Russian, Arabic, English, German, Persian, Hebrew
Religion
Majority: Sunni Islam[13]
Minority:
Christianity (mostly Eastern Orthodoxy, but also Catholicism),[26] Circassian paganism,[27] irreligion[28]
Related ethnic groups
Abazgi peoples (Abkhaz, Abazin), Chechens
Part of a series on the
Circassians
Адыгэхэр
Arrows in the Circassian flag
List of notable Circassians
Circassian genocide
Circassian diaspora
Circassian tribes

Surviving

Destroyed or barely existing

Religion
Religion in Circassia
Languages and dialects
History
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Culture

The Circassian diaspora refers to ethnic Circassian people around the world who live outside their homeland Circassia. The majority of the Circassians live in the diaspora, as their ancestors were settled during the resettlement of the Circassian population, especially during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. From 1763 to 1864, the Circassians fought against the Russian Empire in the Russian-Circassian War, finally succumbing to a scorched-earth genocide campaign initiated between 1862 and 1864.[29][30] Afterwards, large numbers of Circassians were exiled and deported to the Ottoman Empire and other nearby regions; others were resettled in Russia far from their home territories.[31][32] Circassians live in more than fifty countries, besides the Republic of Adygea.[33] Total population estimates differ: according to some sources, some two million live in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq;[34] other sources say between one and four million live in Turkey alone.[35]

  1. ^ Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0813560694.
  2. ^ Danver, Steven L. (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. p. 528. ISBN 978-1317464006.
  3. ^ a b c d Zhemukhov, Sufian (2008). "Circassian World Responses to the New Challenges" (PDF). PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 54: 2. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  4. ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  5. ^ "Израйльский сайт ИзРус". Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  6. ^ "Syrian Circassians returning to Russia's Caucasus region". TRTWorld. TRTWorld and agencies. 2015. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016. Currently, approximately 80,000 ethnic Circassians live in Syria after their ancestors were forced out of the northern Caucasus by Russians between 1863 and 1867.
  7. ^ "Syria" Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Library of Congress
  8. ^ "Независимые английские исследования". Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  9. ^ "single | The Jamestown Foundation". Jamestown. Jamestown.org. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  10. ^ Lopes, Tiago André Ferreira. "The Offspring of the Arab Spring" (PDF). Strategic Outlook. Observatory for Human Security (OSH). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2013.[dead link]
  11. ^ "Via Jamestown Foundation". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  12. ^ a b "Adyghe by country". Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  13. ^ a b "Circassians in Iran". Caucasus Times. 9 February 2018.
  14. ^ Besleney, Zeynel Abidin (2014). The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: A Political History. Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-1317910046.
  15. ^ Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2004). Culture and Customs of Israel. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 46. ISBN 978-0313320910.
  16. ^ Louër, Laurence (2007). To be an Arab in Israel. Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0231140683.
  17. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  18. ^ "The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue". 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  19. ^ "Circassian Princes in Poland: The Five Princes, by Marcin Kruszynski". www.circassianworld.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  20. ^ "Polish-Circassian Relation in 19th Century, by Radosław Żurawski vel Grajewski". www.circassianworld.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  21. ^ "Polonya'daki Çerkes Prensler: Beş Prens". cherkessia.net. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  22. ^ Zhemukhov, Sufian, Circassian World: Responses to the New Challenges, archived from the original on 12 October 2009
  23. ^ Hildebrandt, Amber (14 August 2012). "Russia's Sochi Olympics awakens Circassian anger". CBC News.
  24. ^ "Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь" (PDF) (in Belarusian). Statistics of Belarus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2013.
  25. ^ "Итоги всеобщей переписи населения Туркменистана по национальному составу в 1995 году" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  26. ^ James Stuart Olson, ed. (1994). An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires. Greenwood. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  27. ^ 2012 Survey Maps Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine. "Ogonek". No 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  28. ^ Svetlana Lyagusheva (2005). "Islam and the Traditional Moral Code of Adyghes". Iran and the Caucasus. 9 (1): 29–35. doi:10.1163/1573384054068123. JSTOR 4030903. in February 1996... Respondents in the 20–35 age grouop... 26 percent considered themselves atheists... {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  29. ^ Allen and Muratoff 107–108.
  30. ^ Shawkat.
  31. ^ Brooks [page needed].
  32. ^ Shenfield. [page needed]
  33. ^ Richmond 2.
  34. ^ Richmond 172-73.
  35. ^ Stokes 152.

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