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Kingdom of Hungary Names ↓ | |
|---|---|
| 1000–1918[a]
1920–1946 | |
| Motto: Regnum Mariae Patronae Hungariae (Latin)[1] Mária királysága, Magyarország védőnője (Hungarian) Kingdom of Mary, the Patroness of Hungary (English) | |
| Anthem: Himnusz (1844–1946) "Hymn" Royal anthem God save, God protect Our Emperor, Our Country! (1797–1918) | |
 The Kingdom of Hungary (green) in 1190 | |
 The Kingdom of Hungary (dark green) and Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (light green) within Austria-Hungary in 1914 | |
| Capital | Budapest
Historical capitals: |
| Official languages | Other spoken languages: Carpathian Romani, Croatian, Polish, Romanian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Yiddish |
| Religion | Catholicism (Latin and Eastern Catholic),[2] Calvinism, Lutheranism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Unitarianism, Judaism |
| Government | Feudal monarchy (1000–1301) Absolute monarchy (1301–1868) Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy (1848–1918; 1920–46) |
| Monarch | |
• 1000–38 (first) | Stephen I |
• 1916–18 (last) | Charles IV |
• 1920–44 (Regent) | Miklós Horthy |
| Palatine | |
• 1009–38 (first) | Samuel Aba |
• 1847–48 (last) | Stephen Francis Victor |
| Prime Minister | |
• 1848 (first) | Lajos Batthyány |
• 1945–46 (last) | Zoltán Tildy |
| Legislature | Diet (from the 1290s) |
| House of Magnates (1867–1918; 1926–45) | |
| House of Representatives (1867–1918; 1927–45) | |
| Historical era | 2nd millennium |
• Coronation of Stephen I | 25 December 1000 |
| 24 April 1222 | |
| 11 April 1241 | |
| 29 August 1526 | |
| 29 August 1541 | |
| 26 January 1699 | |
| 15 March 1848 | |
| 30 March 1867 | |
| 4 June 1920 | |
| 1 February 1946 | |
| Area | |
| 1200[3] | 282,870 km2 (109,220 sq mi) |
| 1910[4] | 282,870 km2 (109,220 sq mi) |
| 1930[5] | 93,073 km2 (35,936 sq mi) |
| 1941[6] | 172,149 km2 (66,467 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 1200[3] | 2,000,000 |
• 1790[7] | 8,000,000 |
• 1910[4] | 18,264,533 |
• 1930[5] | 8,688,319 |
• 1941[6] | 14,669,100 |
| Currency | |
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The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000;[8] his family (the Árpád dynasty) led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European power.[8]
Due to the Ottoman occupation of the central and southern territories of Hungary in the 16th century, the country was partitioned into three parts: the Habsburg Royal Hungary, Ottoman Hungary, and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania.[8] The House of Habsburg held the Hungarian throne after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 continuously until 1918 and also played a key role in the liberation wars against the Ottoman Empire.
From 1867, territories connected to the Hungarian crown were incorporated into Austria-Hungary under the name of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. The monarchy ended with the deposition of the last king Charles IV in 1918, after which Hungary became a republic. The kingdom was nominally restored during the "Regency" of 1920–46, ending under the Soviet occupation in 1946.[8]
The Kingdom of Hungary was a multiethnic[9] state from its inception[10] until the Treaty of Trianon and it covered what is today Hungary, Slovakia, Transylvania and other parts of Romania, Carpathian Ruthenia (now part of Ukraine), Vojvodina (now part of Serbia), the territory of Burgenland (now part of Austria), Međimurje (now part of Croatia), Prekmurje (now part of Slovenia) and a few villages which are now part of Poland. From 1102 it also included the Kingdom of Croatia, being in personal union with it, united under the King of Hungary.
According to the demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however in the mid-19th century out of a population of 14 million less than 6 million were Hungarian due to the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries.[11][12] Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. More than nine-tenths of the population of modern Hungary is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as their mother tongue.
Today, the feast day of the first king Stephen I (20 August) is a national holiday in Hungary, commemorating the foundation of the state (Foundation Day).[13]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Adeleye, Gabriel G. (1999). World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions. Ed. Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James T. McDonough, Jr. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-86516-422-3.
- ^ The majority of Hungarian people became Christian in the 10th century. Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen I, took up Western Christianity. Hungary remained solely Catholic until the Reformation took place during the 16th century and, as a result, Lutheranism and then, soon afterwards, Calvinism started to spread.
- ^ J. C. Russell, "Population in Europe 500–1500," in The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Middle Ages, ed. Carlo M. Cipolla (London: Collins/Fontana Books, 1972), p. 25.
- ^ Emil Valkovics:Demography of contemporary Hungarian society Archived 1 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 1996, p. 15
- ^ Kollega Tarsoly, István, ed. (1996). "Magyarország". Révai nagy lexikona (in Hungarian). Vol. 21. Budapest: Hasonmás Kiadó. p. 572. ISBN 963-9015-02-4.
- ^ Élesztős László; et al., eds. (2004). "Magyarország". Révai új lexikona (in Hungarian). Vol. 13. Budapest: Hasonmás Kiadó. pp. 882, 895. ISBN 963-9556-13-0.
- ^ Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 963-352-002-9
- ^ a b c d Kristó Gyula – Barta János – Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, ISBN 963-9252-56-5, pp. 37, 113, 678 ("Magyarország a 12. század második felére jelentős európai tényezővé, középhatalommá vált."/"By the 12th century Hungary became an important European factor, became a middle power.", "A Nyugat részévé vált Magyarország.../Hungary became part of the West"), pp. 616–644
- ^ Stickel, Gerhard (2010). National, regional and minority languages in Europe: contributions to the annual conference 2009 of EFNIL in Dublin. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3631603659. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2015 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Hungary | Culture, History, & People". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Leslie Konnyu, Hungarians in the United States: an immigration study, American Hungarian Review, 1967, p. 4 [[iarchive:hungariansinunit00konn|]] https://books.google.hu/books?ei=flgWTb7eI8yChQeli6W3Dg&ct=result&id=40RCAAAAIAAJ&dq=population+1490+Magyars+80%25&q=+80+stock&redir_esc=y#search_anchor
- ^ László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 16 [1] Archived 16 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Saint Stephen's Day in Hungary in 2020". Office Holidays. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
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