Hungarian Revolution of 1848

Hungarian Revolution of 1848
	Part of the Revolutions of 1848
	; Artist Mihály Zichy's painting of Sándor Petőfi reciting the National Song to a crowd on 15 March 1848
Date	15 March 1848 – 4 October 1849; (1 year, 6 months, and 19 days)
Location	Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire
Result	Austro-Russian victory Revolution suppressed; Hungary placed under martial law; Thirteen rebel generals executed at Arad; Hungary placed under military dictatorship until the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.; Kossuth and many of his allies go into exile in the United States; Austrian Empire introduces policy of Germanisation;
Belligerents
Austrian Empire Kingdom of Croatia ; Serbian Vojvodina Serbian volunteers; ; Pro-Habsburg Hungarians ; Slovak National Council ; Transylvanian Romanians ; Transylvanian Saxons ; Supreme Ruthenian Council ; Czech and Moravian volunteers ; Russian Empire Grand Duchy of Finland ;	Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian State (14 April – 13 August 1849) Legions of the revolutionaries from German states ; Polish legions ; Italian legions ; Székelys ; Hungarian Jews ; Hungarian Germans ; Hungarian Slovenes ; Pro-Hungarian Slovaks ; Pro-Hungarian Romanians ; Pro-Hungarian Serbs ; Pro-Hungarian Rusyns ; Zipser Saxons ; Croats from Western Hungary and Muraköz ; Šokac and Bunjevac people ; Banat Bulgarians ;
Commanders and leaders
Franz Joseph I; (after 2 December 1848); Ferdinand I; (before 2 December 1848); Alfred I of Windisch-Grätz; Ludwig von Welden; Julius Jacob von Haynau; Franz Schlik; Karl von Urban; Josip Jelačić; Stevan Knićanin; Ľudovít Štúr; Avram Iancu; Hryhory Yakhymovych; Nicholas I; Ivan Paskevich;	Lajos Kossuth; Lajos Batthyány ; Artúr Görgey (POW); György Klapka; János Damjanich ; Lajos Aulich ; Henryk Dembiński; Józef Bem; Józef Wysocki; Peter Giron; Alessandro Monti;
Strength
170,000 men from the Austrian Empire,; and 200,000 men from the Russian Empire	Beginning of 1849: 170,000 men

The Hungarian Revolution of 1848, also known in Hungary as Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence of 1848–1849 (Hungarian: 1848–49-es forradalom és szabadságharc) was one of many European Revolutions of 1848 and was closely linked to other revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas. Although the revolution failed, it is one of the most significant events in Hungary's modern history, forming the cornerstone of modern Hungarian national identity—the anniversary of the Revolution's outbreak, 15 March, is one of Hungary's three national holidays.

In April 1848, Hungary became the third country of Continental Europe (after France, in 1791, and Belgium, in 1831) to enact a law implementing democratic parliamentary elections. The new suffrage law (Act V of 1848) transformed the old feudal parliament (Estates General) into a democratic representative parliament. This law offered the widest right to vote in Europe at the time.^[4] The April laws utterly erased all privileges of the Hungarian nobility.^[5]

The crucial turning point came when the new Austrian monarch Franz Joseph I arbitrarily revoked the April laws without any legal right (since they had already been ratified by King Ferdinand I).^[6] This unconstitutional act irreversibly escalated the conflict between him and the Hungarian parliament. The new constrained Stadion Constitution of Austria, the revocation of the April laws, and the Austrian military campaign against the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in the fall of the pacifist Batthyány government (who sought agreement with the court) and led to Lajos Kossuth's followers (who demanded full independence for Hungary) suddenly gaining power in the parliament. Austrian military intervention in the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, and the events in Hungary grew into a war for total independence from the Habsburg dynasty. Around 40% of the private soldiers in the Hungarian Revolutionary Volunteer Army consisted of ethnic minorities of the country.^[7] Regarding the officer staff of Hungary: Around half of the officers and generals of the Hungarian Honvéd Army had foreign origin. There were at least as many ethnic Hungarian professional officers in the Imperial Habsburg army as in the Hungarian revolutionary Honvéd army.^[8]

In regard to diplomacy and foreign policy during the revolution, the Hungarian liberals - similar to the other European liberal revolutionaries of 1848 - were primarily motivated by ideological considerations. They supported countries and forces that aligned with their new moral and political standards. They also believed that governments and political movements sharing the same modern liberal values should form an alliance against the "feudal type" of monarchies. This outlook was similar to modern liberal internationalism.^[9]

After a series of serious Austrian defeats in 1849, the Austrian Empire came close to the brink of collapse. The new emperor Franz Joseph I had to call for Russian help in the name of the Holy Alliance.^[10] In the hope of Russian military support, the young Emperor Franz Joseph kissed the hands of the Ruler of all the Russians in Warsaw on 21 May 1849.^[11] Nicholas I of Russia agreed with Franz Joseph and sent a 200,000 strong army with 80,000 auxiliary forces. The joint Russo-Austrian army finally defeated the Hungarian forces, Habsburg power was restored and Hungary was placed under martial law.^[12]

^ Rosonczy: OROSZ GYORSSEGÉLY BÉCSNEK 1849 TAVASZÁN (PhD dissertation 2015)
^ Zachary C Shirkey: Joining the Fray: Outside Military Intervention in Civil Wars Military Strategy and Operational Art – pp. 1944– ISBN 978-1-4094-7091-5 [1] Archived 2014-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle ..., by Spencer C. Tucker, 2009 p. 1188
^ prof. András Gerő (2014): Nationalities and the Hungarian Parliament (1867–1918) Link:[2] Archived 2019-04-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ Chris Thornhill (2011). A Sociology of Constitutions.Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-Sociological Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-139-49580-6.
^ "Between the campaigns of Napoleonic troops and the abolition of bondage". City of Bratislava. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
^ "Bona Gábor: A szabadságharc honvédsége Link
^ Isser Woloch (1996). Revolution and the Meanings of Freedom in the Nineteenth Century. Stanford University Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-8047-2748-8.
^ "Hungary's Place in Europe: Liberal–Conservative Foreign Policy Disputes in the Reform Era". 29 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Eric Roman: Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present: p. 67, Publisher: Infobase Publishing, 2003 ISBN 978-0-8160-7469-3
^ Paul Lendvai (2021). The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat. Princeton University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-691-20027-9.
^ The Making of the West: Volume C, Lynn Hunt, pp. 683–684

[1] Rosonczy: OROSZ GYORSSEGÉLY BÉCSNEK 1849 TAVASZÁN (PhD dissertation 2015)

[2] Zachary C Shirkey: Joining the Fray: Outside Military Intervention in Civil Wars Military Strategy and Operational Art – pp. 1944– ISBN 978-1-4094-7091-5 [1] Archived 2014-12-27 at the Wayback Machine

[3] A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle ..., by Spencer C. Tucker, 2009 p. 1188

[4] rof. András Gerő (2014): Nationalities and the Hungarian Parliament (1867–1918) Link:[2] Archived 2019-04-25 at the Wayback Machine

[5] Chris Thornhill (2011). A Sociology of Constitutions.Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-Sociological Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-139-49580-6.

[6] "Between the campaigns of Napoleonic troops and the abolition of bondage". City of Bratislava. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.

[epa.oszk.hu-7] "Bona Gábor: A szabadságharc honvédsége Link

[8] Isser Woloch (1996). Revolution and the Meanings of Freedom in the Nineteenth Century. Stanford University Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-8047-2748-8.

[9] "Hungary's Place in Europe: Liberal–Conservative Foreign Policy Disputes in the Reform Era". 29 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[10] Eric Roman: Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present: p. 67, Publisher: Infobase Publishing, 2003 ISBN 978-0-8160-7469-3

[11] Paul Lendvai (2021). The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat. Princeton University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-691-20027-9.

[12] The Making of the West: Volume C, Lynn Hunt, pp. 683–684

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