Back ዣን-ዣክ ዴሳሊንስ Amharic جان جاك ديسالين Arabic جان جاك ديسالين ARZ Jean-Jacques Dessalines AST Жан-Жак Дэсалін Byelorussian Jean-Jacques Dessalines Breton Jean-Jacques Dessalines Catalan جان جاک دێسالین CKB Jean-Jacques Dessalines Czech Jean-Jacques Dessalines Danish
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| Jacques I | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Portrait of Dessalines, c. 1840–1880 | |||||
| Emperor of Haiti | |||||
| Reign | 2 September 1804 – 17 October 1806 | ||||
| Coronation | 8 October 1804 | ||||
| Predecessor | Himself (as Governor General) | ||||
| Successor |
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| Governor-General of Haiti | |||||
| In office | 1 January 1804 – 2 September 1804 | ||||
| Predecessor | Toussaint Louverture (in 1802) | ||||
| Successor | Himself (as Emperor of Haiti) | ||||
| Born | 20 September 1758 Cormier, Grande-Rivière-du-Nord, Saint-Domingue | ||||
| Died | 17 October 1806 (aged 48) Pont Larnage (now Pont Rouge), near Port-au-Prince, Haiti | ||||
| Burial | 17 October 1806 by Dédée Bazile | ||||
| Spouse | Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité | ||||
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| Coat of arms |  | ||||
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Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Haitian Creole: Jan-Jak Desalin; French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ ʒak dɛsalin]; 20 September 1758 – 17 October 1806) was the first Haitian Emperor, and leader of the Haitian Revolution, and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution. Initially regarded as governor-general, Dessalines was later named Emperor of Haiti as Jacques I (1804–1806) by generals of the Haitian Revolutionary army and ruled in that capacity until being assassinated in 1806.[1] He spearheaded the resistance against French massacres upon Haitians, and eventually became the architect of the 1804 Haitian Massacre against the remaining French residents of Haiti, including some supporters of the revolution.[2] Alongside Toussaint Louverture, he has been referred to as one of the fathers of the nation of Haiti.[3][4]
Dessalines was directly responsible for the country, and, under his rule, Haiti became the first country in the Americas to permanently abolish slavery. Dessalines served as an officer in the French army when the colony was fending off Spanish and British incursions. Later he rose to become a commander in the revolt against France. As Toussaint Louverture's principal lieutenant, he led many successful engagements, including the Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot.
In 1802, Louverture was betrayed and captured, and sent to prison in France, where he died. Thereafter, Dessalines became the leader of the revolution and Général-Chef de l'Armée Indigène on 18 May 1803. His forces defeated the French army at the Battle of Vertières on 18 November 1803. Saint-Domingue was declared independent on 29 November and then as the independent Republic of Haiti on 1 January 1804, under the leadership of Dessalines, chosen by a council of generals to assume the office of governor-general.
He ordered the 1804 Haitian massacre of the remaining French population in Haiti, resulting in the deaths of between 3,000 and 5,000 people, including women and children, as well as thousands of refugees.[5] Some modern historians classify the massacre as a genocide due to its systemic nature.[6][7] Notably, he excluded surviving Polish Legionnaires, who had defected from the French legion to become allied with the enslaved Africans, as well as the Germans who did not take part in the slave trade.[8] He granted them full citizenship under the constitution and classified them as black, along with all other Haitian citizens.[8] Tensions remained with the minority of mixed-race or free people of color, who had gained some education and property during the colonial period.[5]
- ^ "Gazette Politique et Commerciale D'Haïti" (PDF). P. Roux, Imprimeur de L’Empreur. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ Girard, Philippe R. (2005). "Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802–4". Patterns of Prejudice. 39 (2): 138–161. doi:10.1080/00313220500106196. ISSN 0031-322X. S2CID 145204936.
The Haitian genocide and its historical counterparts [...] The 1804 Haitian genocide
- ^ Mocombe, Paul C. (2018). Identity and Ideology in Haiti: The Children of Sans Souci, Dessalines/Toussaint, and Pétion. Routledge. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ Lamrani, Salim (30 April 2021). "Toussaint Louverture, In the Name of Dignity. A Look at the Trajectory of the Precursor of Independence of Haiti". Études caribéennes (48). doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.22675. ISSN 1779-0980. S2CID 245041866.
- ^ a b Girard, Philippe R. (2011). The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801–1804. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1732-4 p.319–322
- ^ Girard, Philippe R. (2005). "Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802–4". Patterns of Prejudice. 39 (2): 138–161. doi:10.1080/00313220500106196. ISSN 0031-322X. S2CID 145204936.
The Haitian genocide and its historical counterparts [...] The 1804 Haitian genocide
- ^ Moses, Dirk A.; Stone, Dan (2013). Colonialism and Genocide. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-317-99753-5. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ a b Dubois, Laurent (2004). Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. Harvard University Press. p. 300.
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