1904 United States presidential election in Georgia

The 1904 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 8, 1904, as part of the wider United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Following Reconstruction, Georgia would be the first former Confederate state to substantially disenfranchise its newly enfranchised freedmen, doing so in the early 1870s.^[1] This largely limited the Republican Party to a few North Georgia counties with substantial Civil War Unionist sentiment – chiefly Fannin but also to a lesser extent Pickens, Gilmer and Towns.^[2] The Democratic Party served as the guardian of white supremacy against a Republican Party historically associated with memories of Reconstruction, and the main competition became Democratic primaries, which state laws restricted to whites on the grounds of the Democratic Party being legally a private club.^[3]

However, politics after the first demobilization by a cumulative poll tax was chaotic. Third-party movements, chiefly the Populist Party, gained support amongst poor whites and the remaining black voters in opposition to the planter elite.^[4] The fact that Georgia had already substantially reduced its poor white and black electorate two decades ago, alongside pressure from urban elites in Atlanta,^[4] and the decline of isolationism due to the success of the Spanish–American War,^[5] meant the Populist movement substantially faded in the late 1890s.^[6] However, Populism would revive in 1904 when it became clear a conservative would be nominated by the Democratic Party,^[7] whilst Watson did not find it difficult to get a somewhat demoralized party’s nomination over William V. Allen.

Georgia was won by the Democratic nominees, former Chief Judge of New York Court of Appeals Alton B. Parker and his running mate, former US Senator Henry G. Davis of West Virginia. They defeated the Republican nominees, incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt of New York and his running mate Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana. Parker won the state by a landslide margin of 45.39%.

Populist candidate and Georgia native Thomas E. Watson would campaign in the state in August, but as Georgia had not voted Republican even during Reconstruction neither major party candidate visited the state. Watson would collapse from his campaigning at the end of September,^[8] No polls were taken until October 29, by which time the state was naturally viewed as certain for Parker.^[9] Parker would eventually win Georgia with over five-eighths of the vote, although he declined by about three percent from William Jennings Bryan’s performance four years previously. Incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt and Watson ran a very close race for second, with the President edging the Populist for this position. Watson's 17.28% of the vote in Georgia was the largest percentage the Populists won in a state during the 1904 presidential election.^[10]

^ Mickey, Robert W.; Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972, p. 76 ISBN 1400838789
^ Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 208, 210 ISBN 9780691163246
^ Springer, Melanie Jean; How the States Shaped the Nation: American Electoral Institutions and Voter Turnout, 1920-2000, p. 155 ISBN 022611435X
^ ^a ^b Mickey, Robert W.; ‘The Beginning of the End for Authoritarian Rule in America: Smith v. Allwright and the Abolition of the White Primary in the Deep South, 1944-1948’; Studies in American Political Development, Vol. 22 (Fall 2008), pp. 143-182.
^ Coleman, Kenneth; Georgia History in Outline, p. 85 ISBN 0820304670
^ Perman, Michael; Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908; p. 274 ISBN 0807860255
^ Woodward, Comer Vann; Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (1963), p. 357
^ See ‘The Fireman and Elks’; Passaic Daily News, September 30, 1904, p. 4
^ ‘Forecasts of Presidential Election’; Montgomery Advertiser, October 29, 1904, pp. 13-14
^ "1904 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.

[1] Mickey, Robert W.; Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972, p. 76 ISBN 1400838789

[2] Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 208, 210 ISBN 9780691163246

[3] Springer, Melanie Jean; How the States Shaped the Nation: American Electoral Institutions and Voter Turnout, 1920-2000, p. 155 ISBN 022611435X

[Beginning-4] Mickey, Robert W.; ‘The Beginning of the End for Authoritarian Rule in America: Smith v. Allwright and the Abolition of the White Primary in the Deep South, 1944-1948’; Studies in American Political Development, Vol. 22 (Fall 2008), pp. 143-182.

[5] Coleman, Kenneth; Georgia History in Outline, p. 85 ISBN 0820304670

[6] Perman, Michael; Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908; p. 274 ISBN 0807860255

[7] Woodward, Comer Vann; Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (1963), p. 357

[8] See ‘The Fireman and Elks’; Passaic Daily News, September 30, 1904, p. 4

[9] ‘Forecasts of Presidential Election’; Montgomery Advertiser, October 29, 1904, pp. 13-14

[10] "1904 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.

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