Permesta

Permesta
Piagam Perjuangan Semesta
Indonesian Navy military operations against Permesta and PRRI in 1958
Leaders	Alexander Evert Kawilarang Ventje Sumual Joop Warouw
Dates of operation	1957–1961
Allegiance	PRRI
Headquarters	Manado (until 24 June 1958) Tomohon (from 24 June 1958)
Active regions	Eastern Indonesia
Allies	United States
Opponents	Indonesia
Battles and wars	Permesta Rebellion

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Permesta was a rebel movement in Indonesia that was declared on 2 March 1957 by civil and military leaders in East Indonesia. Initially the center of the movement was in Makassar, which at that time was the capital of the province of Sulawesi. However, support for the movement in South Sulawesi gradually dissipated, forcing the headquarters to move to Manado in North Sulawesi.

On 17 February 1958, Permesta joined forces with the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI or Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia) based in Sumatra that declared a revolutionary government two days earlier. Following successful attacks by government forces (TNI) from the Indonesian central government on the PRRI in Sumatra, the conflict swung to the east where the Permesta rebels were based. Manado was captured at the end of June 1958. However, the Permesta rebels continued their resistance, fighting a guerrilla campaign against the TNI until the last remnants surrendered and were given amnesty in 1961. The conflict killed 4,000 government soldiers and 2,000 Permesta rebels.^[1]

The name "Permesta" is a syllabic abbreviation of the Indonesian Perjuangan Semesta meaning Universal Struggle Charter.