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 | The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (January 2016) |
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Women are involved in the film industry in all roles, including as film directors, actresses, cinematographers, film producers, film critics, and other film industry professions, though women have been underrepresented in creative positions.
Most English-language academic study and media coverage focus on the issue in the US film industry (Hollywood), although inequalities also exist in other countries.[1][2] This underrepresentation has been called the "celluloid ceiling", a variant on the employment discrimination term "glass ceiling".
Women have always had a presence in film acting, but have consistently been underrepresented, and on average significantly less well paid.[3][4] On the other hand, many key roles in filmmaking were for many decades done almost entirely by men, such as directors and cinematographers. For instance, the title of 'auteur' is typically administered to men, even with women auteurs persevering and growing beside them.[5] In more recent times, women have made inroads and made contributions to many of these fields.[6]
- ^ Willsher, Kim (20 April 2014). "Women bridge gender gap as French film embraces a new nouvelle vague". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
- ^ "New German film industry group calls for gender parity". Deutsche Welle. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
- ^ Woodruff, Betsy (23 February 2015). "Gender wage gap in Hollywood: It's very, very wide". Slate Magazine.
- ^ Khatchatourian, Maane (7 February 2014). "Female Movie Stars Experience Earnings Plunge After Age 34 - Variety". Variety.
- ^ Name= Loayza, Beatrice Loayza, Beatrice (3 November 2021). "When Women Filmmakers Get to Tell Their Origin Stories". The New York Times.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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