Homosexuality and religion

The relationship between religion and homosexuality has varied greatly across time and place, within and between different religions and denominations, with regard to different forms of homosexuality and bisexuality. The present-day doctrines of the world's major religions and their denominations differ in their attitudes toward these sexual orientations. Adherence to anti-gay religious beliefs and communities is correlated with the prevalence of emotional distress and suicidality in sexual minority individuals, and is a primary motivation for seeking conversion therapy.^[1]

Among the religious denominations which generally reject these orientations, there are many different types of opposition, ranging from quietly discouraging homosexual activity, explicitly forbidding same-sex sexual practices among their adherents and actively opposing social acceptance of homosexuality, supporting criminal sanctions up to capital punishment, and even to condoning extrajudicial killings. Religious fundamentalism often correlates with anti-homosexual bias.^[2] Psychological research has connected religiosity with homophobic attitudes^[3] and physical antigay hostility,^[4] and has traced religious opposition to gay adoption to collectivistic values (loyalty, authority, purity) and low flexibility in existential issues, rather than to high prosocial inclinations for the weak.^[5] Attitudes toward homosexuality have been found to be determined not only by personal religious beliefs, but by the interaction of those beliefs with the predominant national religious context—even for people who are less religious or who do not share their local dominant religious context.^[6] Many argue that it is homosexual actions which are sinful, rather than same-sex attraction itself. To this end, some discourage labeling individuals according to sexual orientation.^[7] Several organizations assert that conversion therapy can help diminish same-sex attraction.

Some adherents of many religions view homosexuality and bisexuality positively, and some denominations routinely bless same-sex marriages and support LGBT rights, a growing trend as much of the developed world enacts laws supporting LGBT rights.

Historically, some cultures and religions accommodated, institutionalized, or revered same-sex love and sexuality;^[8]^[9] such mythologies and traditions can be found around the world.^[10] While Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality exclusively, it does often have a negative view on sexual activity generally (especially for the upper class of monks and priests),^[11] and one can find numerous portrayals of homosexuality in Hindu literature and artworks.^[12] Sikh wedding ceremonies are non-gender specific, and so same-sex marriage is possible within Sikhism.^[13]

Regardless of their position on homosexuality, many people of faith look to both sacred texts and tradition for guidance on this issue. However, the authority of various traditions or scriptural passages and the correctness of translations and interpretations are continually disputed.

^ KRISTIN A. HANCOCK AND DOUGLAS C. HALDEMAN (2022). "APA'S GUIDELINES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL PRACTICE WITH LESBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL CLIENTS AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION CHANGE EFFORTS: A Brief History". In Haldeman, Douglas C. (ed.). The Case Against Conversion Therapy: Evidence, Ethics, and Alternatives. American Psychological Association. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4338-3711-1.
^ McDermott, Ryon C.; Schwartz, Jonathan P.; Lindley, Lori D.; Proietti, Josiah S. (2014). "Exploring men's homophobia: Associations with religious fundamentalism and gender role conflict domains". Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 15 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1037/a0032788.
^ Whitley, B. E. Jr (2009). "Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis". The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 19: 21–38. doi:10.1080/10508610802471104. S2CID 144916048.
^ Blogowska, J.; Saroglou, V.; Lambert, C. (2013). "Religious prosociality and aggression: It's real". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 52 (3): 524–536. doi:10.1111/jssr.12048.
^ Deak, C.; Saroglou, V. (2015). "Opposing abortion, gay adoption, euthanasia, and suicide: Compassionate openness or self-centered moral rigorism?". Archive for the Psychology of Religion. 37: 267–294. doi:10.1163/15736121-12341309. S2CID 28960401.
^ Adamczyk, Amy (2017). Cross-National Public Opinion about Homosexuality: Examining Attitudes across the Globe. University of California Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780520963597.
^ "Code of Ethics, American Association of Christian Counselors" (PDF). American Association of Christian Counselors. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
^ Boswell, John (2005). "Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality". University Of Chicago Press.
^ Dynes, Wayne; Donaldson, Stephen (1992). "Asian homosexuality". Routledge.
^ Carpenter, Edward (1914). "Intermediate Types among Primitive Types: A Study in Social Evolution". New York: Mitchell Kennerley.
^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
^ Mohan, Tanushree (April 2018). The Legal, Colonial, and Religious Contexts of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health in India (Thesis). Wellesley College. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "Gay Sikh". WaheguruNet. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

[1] KRISTIN A. HANCOCK AND DOUGLAS C. HALDEMAN (2022). "APA'S GUIDELINES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL PRACTICE WITH LESBIAN, GAY, AND BISEXUAL CLIENTS AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION CHANGE EFFORTS: A Brief History". In Haldeman, Douglas C. (ed.). The Case Against Conversion Therapy: Evidence, Ethics, and Alternatives. American Psychological Association. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4338-3711-1.

[2] McDermott, Ryon C.; Schwartz, Jonathan P.; Lindley, Lori D.; Proietti, Josiah S. (2014). "Exploring men's homophobia: Associations with religious fundamentalism and gender role conflict domains". Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 15 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1037/a0032788.

[3] Whitley, B. E. Jr (2009). "Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis". The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 19: 21–38. doi:10.1080/10508610802471104. S2CID 144916048.

[4] Blogowska, J.; Saroglou, V.; Lambert, C. (2013). "Religious prosociality and aggression: It's real". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 52 (3): 524–536. doi:10.1111/jssr.12048.

[5] Deak, C.; Saroglou, V. (2015). "Opposing abortion, gay adoption, euthanasia, and suicide: Compassionate openness or self-centered moral rigorism?". Archive for the Psychology of Religion. 37: 267–294. doi:10.1163/15736121-12341309. S2CID 28960401.

[Adamczyk-6] Adamczyk, Amy (2017). Cross-National Public Opinion about Homosexuality: Examining Attitudes across the Globe. University of California Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780520963597.

[AACC_coe-7] "Code of Ethics, American Association of Christian Counselors" (PDF). American Association of Christian Counselors. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2024.

[BOSWELL1-8] Boswell, John (2005). "Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality". University Of Chicago Press.

[ASIA-9] Dynes, Wayne; Donaldson, Stephen (1992). "Asian homosexuality". Routledge.

[CARPENTER1-10] Carpenter, Edward (1914). "Intermediate Types among Primitive Types: A Study in Social Evolution". New York: Mitchell Kennerley.

[11] "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 27 December 2023.

[12] Mohan, Tanushree (April 2018). The Legal, Colonial, and Religious Contexts of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health in India (Thesis). Wellesley College. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

[13] "Gay Sikh". WaheguruNet. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2024.

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