Perpetual foreigner

The perpetual foreigner, forever foreigner^[1] or perpetual other^[2] stereotype is a racist or xenophobic form of nativism in which naturalized and even native-born citizens (including families that have lived in a country for generations) are perceived by some members of society as foreign because they belong to a minority ethnic or racial group.^[3] When citizenship has been granted and yet the group of people is persistently viewed as foreign, the term alien citizen has been also used to in some scholarship describe these groups.^[4]

The term perpetual immigrant has been used for cases of migration, forced displacement, or other reasons for relocation, where no citizenship is possible despite the individual's long-term residency, birth in the land, and wish to become a citizen.^[5] Furthermore, noncitizen nationals, or persons who hold nationality but not citizenship, have also been argued to fall under this stereotypical image.^[6] Naturalization laws vary, and some countries follow a rule of jus sanguinis in various forms. For example, Myanmar nationality law regards the Rohingya people as foreign.

Some countries have many refugees or other resident aliens. A diaspora such as the overseas Chinese is often regarded as belonging to their ancestral homeland rather than to the country in which they live. Note that part of the phenomenon where a person is of a separate nationality (and/or when considered different in the legal structure of the country, citizenship) from which they live can also be cases where the person is not seeking the nationality and/or citizenship of the country where they are, usually temporarily, living. Such persons are generally called expatriates, especially business expatriates or exchange students who live outside the country of their nationality for business or educational purposes, generally for a temporary period of time. They usually do not desire citizenship (given the choice in countries and time periods where there is one) or a change in nationality (whatever or whichever legal structure is pertinent to the country in question) and should not be confused with this stereotype.

^ Loh-Hagan, Virginia (January 1, 2022). What is the Forever Foreigner Stereotype?. 21st Century Skills Library. Cherry Lake Publishing. ISBN 9781668900505.
^ "Allosemitism (noun) - Jews as the perpetual 'other'". Jewish Journal. August 7, 2008.
^ Dei, George J. Sefa; Hilowle, Shukri (2018-12-04). Cartographies of Race and Social Difference. Springer. p. 40. ISBN 9783319970769. Concurrent with the "model minority" stereotype is the view of Asian Americans as "perpetual foreigners" who are permanent outsiders to the norms of North American culture and the dominant inner circle. As argued by Omi (2008), "this image is reflective of the process of racializing people in terms of their presumed affiliation with foreign places" (par. 7). This perpetual foreigner view is demonstrated in a survey by Kang (2001) which showed that 28% of Americans believed that Chinese Americans were more loyal to China than the United States.(...) This example serves to demonstrate that the "perpetual foreigner" stereotype is not just applied to recent Asian immigrant groups but also to fourth-generation Asian immigrants who have gained a certain level of economic success in Canada.
^ Kılınç, Ramazan (September 2019). Alien Citizens: The State and Religious Minorities in Turkey and France. Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108692649. ISBN 9781108692649. S2CID 204426327.
^ Kasimis, Demetra (2018). The Perpetual Immigrant and the Limits of Athenian Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781107280571. ISBN 9781107052437. OCLC 1030904084. S2CID 158074459.
^ Roman, Ediberto (1998). "Alien-Citizen Paradox and Other Consequences of U.S. Colonialism". Florida State University Law Review. 26: 1–50. SSRN 1625826.

[1] Loh-Hagan, Virginia (January 1, 2022). What is the Forever Foreigner Stereotype?. 21st Century Skills Library. Cherry Lake Publishing. ISBN 9781668900505.

[2] "Allosemitism (noun) - Jews as the perpetual 'other'". Jewish Journal. August 7, 2008.

[3] Dei, George J. Sefa; Hilowle, Shukri (2018-12-04). Cartographies of Race and Social Difference. Springer. p. 40. ISBN 9783319970769. Concurrent with the "model minority" stereotype is the view of Asian Americans as "perpetual foreigners" who are permanent outsiders to the norms of North American culture and the dominant inner circle. As argued by Omi (2008), "this image is reflective of the process of racializing people in terms of their presumed affiliation with foreign places" (par. 7). This perpetual foreigner view is demonstrated in a survey by Kang (2001) which showed that 28% of Americans believed that Chinese Americans were more loyal to China than the United States.(...) This example serves to demonstrate that the "perpetual foreigner" stereotype is not just applied to recent Asian immigrant groups but also to fourth-generation Asian immigrants who have gained a certain level of economic success in Canada.

[4] Kılınç, Ramazan (September 2019). Alien Citizens: The State and Religious Minorities in Turkey and France. Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108692649. ISBN 9781108692649. S2CID 204426327.

[Kasimis,_Perpetual_Immigrant,_full_book-5] Kasimis, Demetra (2018). The Perpetual Immigrant and the Limits of Athenian Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781107280571. ISBN 9781107052437. OCLC 1030904084. S2CID 158074459.

[Roman,_Noncitizen_Nationals-6] Roman, Ediberto (1998). "Alien-Citizen Paradox and Other Consequences of U.S. Colonialism". Florida State University Law Review. 26: 1–50. SSRN 1625826.

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